Ngā horopaki whakamahinga karāhe ka taea te whakawhānui
1. Ka konatunatua te rauemi hiri ki te karāpeti waro-nui me te waikawa whanariki kukū me te waikawa hauota hei maimoatanga waikawa, hei maimoatanga wera, kātahi ka pēhia, ka hangaia. Ko te karāpeti ngāwari kua whakaritea he rauemi hiri hou he mahi teitei, ā, he momo nanomaterials i whakatipuria ki roto. Ki te whakatauritea ki te rapa asbestos me ētahi atu rauemi hiri tuku iho, he pai te kaha ki te pēhi, te manawanui, te here-ā-koe, te iti o te mātotoru me ētahi atu āhuatanga pai, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te pāmahana teitei, te pirau teitei me ētahi atu āhuatanga mahi uaua mō te wā roa. Ko ngā pereti karāpeti me ngā wāhanga hiri i hangaia e ia he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te rererangi, te mīhini, te hikohiko, te pūngao karihi, te matū hinu, te hikohiko, te hanga kaipuke, te whakarewa me ētahi atu ahumahi. Nā te mea he mama, he kawe, he kawe wera, he ātete pāmahana teitei, he ātete waikura waikawa me te kawakore, he manawanui pai, he whakahinuhinu, he kirihou me te pumau matū me ētahi atu āhuatanga pai, e mohiotia ana ko te "kingi hiri" o te ao.
2. Ko te karāpeti whakawhanui i whiwhihia mā te whakawhanui pāmahana teitei i roto i te mara o te tiaki taiao he hanganga pūwero nui, ā, he pai te mahi mimiti, nō reira he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga i roto i te tiaki taiao me te rongoā koiora. E rua ngā momo o te hanganga pūwero o te karāpeti whakawhanui: te pūwero tuwhera me te pūwero kati. Ko te rahinga pūwero o te karāpeti whakawhanui he tata ki te 98%, ā, he pūwero nui te nuinga me te whānuitanga tohatoha rahi pūwero o te 1 ~ 10.3 nm. Nā te mea he macroporous, he mesoporous te nuinga, nō reira he rerekē ngā āhuatanga mimiti me te waro whakahohe me ētahi atu rauemi microporous i roto i ngā āhuatanga mimiti. He pai mō te mimiti wāhanga wai, engari kāore mō te mimiti wāhanga hau. He oleophilic me te hydrophobic i roto i te mimiti wāhanga wai. Ka taea e te 1 karamu karāpeti whakawhanui te mimiti neke atu i te 80 karamu hinu taumaha, nō reira he rauemi tiaki taiao whai hua mō te horoi i te parahanga hinu i runga i te mata o te wai. I roto i te maimoatanga wai para o ngā umanga matū, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā moroiti (huakita). He pai te kaikawe moroiti te karāhe whakawhanui, inā koa i roto i te maimoatanga wai o te parahanga hinu me ngā macromolecule waro. Nā te pai o te pumau matū me te whakamahinga hou, he pai te tirohanga ki te tono.
3, nā te mea he kaha te whakawhanui o te karāhe rongoā, he rite tonu te kaha o te karāhe ki ngā macromolecules waro me te koiora, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā rauemi hauora.
4, ko te rauemi pākahiko kaha teitei he karāpeti whakawhanui hei rauemi pākahiko, ko te whakamahinga o te paparanga karāpeti whakawhanui ka huri te kaha kore utu ki te kaha hiko. Ko te karāpeti whakawhanui te tikanga ka whakamahia hei katote, te konukōre hei anote, te waikura hiriwa hiato karāpeti whakawhanui rānei hei katote, te konutea hei anote. Ko te waituhi fluoride matūriki, te waikawa karāpeti me te karāpeti whakawhanui o ngā halide whakarewa pēnei i te AuCl3 me te TiF4 kua whakamahia i roto i ngā pākahiko.
5, ārai ahi
Nā te kaha o te whakawhanui o te karāpeti whakawhanui me tōna ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, ka noho te karāpeti whakawhanui hei rauemi hiri pai rawa atu, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te rīpene hiri ahi. E rua ngā momo matua: ko te tuatahi ko te whakawhanui o ngā rauemi karāpeti me ngā rauemi rapa, te aukati mura kore-waro, te whakateretere, te kaihoko whakamomona, te kaihoko whakapakari, te whakaranu whakakī, te whakamomona, te hanga, he maha ngā momo whakaritenga o te rīpene hiri whakawhanui, e whakamahia ana mō ngā tatau ahi, ngā matapihi ahi me ētahi atu wā. Ka taea e te rīpene hiri whakawhanui te aukati i te rere o te paowa mai i te tīmatanga ki te mutunga i te pāmahana rūma me te ahi. Ko tētahi atu ko te whitiki muka karāhe hei kawe, ko te karāpeti whakawhanui me te here e herea ana ki te kawe, ko te piripiri i hangaia i te pāmahana teitei o te rauemi waro e whakaratohia ana e te kaha kutikuti ka taea te aukati i te reti o te karāpeti. E whakamahia ana mō ngā tatau ahi, engari kāore e taea te aukati i te rere o te hau hau makariri i te pāmahana rūma, i te pāmahana iti rānei, nō reira me whakamahi me te hiri pāmahana rūma.
He pai te ārai mura o te karāpeti whakawhanui, he ārai mura mō ngā rauemi kirihou. He āhuatanga kore-paitini, kore-parahanga hoki ōna. Ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i te pānga ārai mura tino pai ina whakamahia takitahi, ina whakaranua rānei ki ētahi atu ārai mura. Ka taea e te karāpeti whakawhanui te whakatutuki i te pānga ārai mura kotahi, he iti iho te nui i te ārai mura noa. Ko tōna kaupapa mahi: i te pāmahana teitei, ka taea e te whakawhanui o te karāpeti te tere whakawhanui, ka whakamomori i te mura, ā, ka hipokina te rauemi whakawhanui karāpeti i hangaia e ia ki te mata o te papa, ka wehea mai i te hihi wera me te pa o te hāora; ka tukuna ngā matū waikawa i roto i te paparanga i te wā whakawhanui, ka whakatairanga hoki i te waro o te papa, kia tutuki ai ngā hua pai mā roto i ngā momo tikanga ārai mura.
He pēke ātete ahi, he kirihou momo rauemi poraka ātete ahi, he mowhiti ātete ahi nā te mea he kaha te karāpeti whakawhanui i te pāmahana tiketike ki te ātete kino me te tere whakawhanui teitei, ka taea te whakamahi hei pēke ātete ahi, rauemi poraka ātete ahi kirihou, wāhanga mowhiti ātete ahi i roto i te rauemi ātete mura whakawhanui whai hua, e whakamahia ana mō te hiri ahi o te whare (pēnei i: te hiri i ngā paipa hanga, taura, waea, hau, paipa hau, paipa hau mā roto i te kōhao me ētahi atu wā).
Te Whakamahinga i roto i ngā Paninga Ka taea te tāpiri i ngā matūriki angiangi o te karāpeti whakawhanui ki ngā paninga noa hei whakaputa i ngā paninga ārai mura me te ārai-pūmau, me te whakapai ake i tō rātou ātete pāmahana teitei me te ātete ahi. Ko te nui o te paparanga waro māmā kore-mura i hangaia i roto i te ahi ka taea te aukati i te hihi wera ki te papa me te tiaki pai i te papa. Hei tāpiri, nā te mea he pai te karāpeti hei kawe hiko, ka taea e te paninga te aukati i te kohikohinga utu hiko pūmau, e whakamahia ana mō ngā tāke rokiroki hinu, hei whakatutuki i te pānga rua o te ārai ahi me te hiko pūmau.
Papa ārai ahi, pepa ahi ātete waikura me te pereti ātete pāmahana teitei: i roto i te turanga whakarewa kua whakakikoruatia ki te paparanga karāti ka taea te whakapūtā, te paparanga karāti ka taea te whakapūtā me te turanga whakarewa i waenganui i te paparanga piri waro, ka hipokina te paparanga karāti ka taea te whakapūtā ki te paparanga tiaki waro. Ātete waikura, ātete pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei. I te wa ano, ka taea hoki te whakamahi noa i te pāmahana iti. Kāore e wehi i te whakamatao tere me te whakamahana tere, ā, he pai te tauwehenga kawe wera. Ko te pāmahana whakahaere he -100 ~ 2 000 ℃. He whānuitanga tono, he ngāwari ki te hanga, he iti te utu. Hei tāpiri, ko te karāti ka taea te whakapūtā i te pāmahana teitei, te pepa karāti pēhi, ka whakamahia hoki i ngā wāhi whakamahana ahi.
