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He rauemi nano pakari ngā kiriata karāhe nano (NGF) ka taea te whakaputa mā te whakatakotoranga kohu matū whakakorikori, engari kei te mau tonu ngā pātai mō te ngāwari o te whakawhiti me te pānga o te āhua o te mata ki te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taputapu o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei. I konei ka ripoatahia e mātou te tipu o te NGF i ngā taha e rua o te pepa nikara polycrystalline (te horahanga 55 cm2, te matotoru tata ki te 100 nm) me tana whakawhiti kore-polymer (mua me muri, te horahanga tae atu ki te 6 cm2). Nā te āhua o te pepa whakakorikori, he rerekē ngā kiriata waro e rua i roto i ō rātou āhuatanga ā-tinana me ētahi atu āhuatanga (pēnei i te taratara o te mata). Ka whakaatuhia e mātou he pai ngā NGF he taratara ake te tuara mō te kimi NO2, ko ngā NGF maeneene ake me te kawe hiko i te taha mua (2000 S/cm, te ātete rau - 50 ohms/m2) ka taea te noho hei arataki ora o te pūtau rā (nā te mea e tuku ana i te 62% o te mārama e kitea ana). I te nuinga, ko ngā tukanga tipu me te kawe kua whakaahuatia ka āwhina pea ki te whakatinana i te NGF hei rauemi waro rerekē mō ngā tono hangarau i te wā kāore e pai ana ngā kiriata karāhe graphene me te matotoru micron.
He rauemi ahumahi whānui te karāpiti. He mea nui, he iti te matotoru o te papatipu o te karāpiti, he nui hoki te kawe wera me te hiko i roto i te papa, ā, he tino pumau i roto i ngā taiao wera me te matū kino1,2. He rauemi tīmatanga rongonui te karāpiti maramara mō te rangahau karāpiti3. Ina tukatukahia hei kiriata angiangi, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā tono, tae atu ki ngā totohu wera mō ngā taputapu hiko pēnei i ngā waea atamai4,5,6,7, hei rauemi hohe i roto i ngā pūoko8,9,10 me te tiaki i te pokanoa hikohiko11.12 me ngā kiriata mō te lithography i roto i te ultraviolet tino nui13,14, ngā hongere kawe i roto i ngā pūtau rā15,16. Mō ēnei tono katoa, he painga nui mēnā ka taea te whakaputa me te kawe ngāwari i ngā wāhi nui o ngā kiriata karāpiti (NGF) me ngā matotoru e whakahaeretia ana i roto i te nanoscale <100 nm.
He maha ngā tikanga e hangaia ai ngā kiriata karāpiti. I tētahi wā, ko te whakaurunga me te whakawhānui, ā, muri iho ko te tango i ngā kiri i whakamahia hei hanga i ngā kirikiri karāpiti10,11,17. Me tukatuka anō ngā kirikiri hei kiriata o te matotoru e hiahiatia ana, ā, he maha ngā rā e pau ana hei hanga i ngā rau karāpiti matotoru. Ko tētahi atu huarahi ko te tīmata me ngā matū totoka karāpiti. I roto i te ahumahi, ka whakawarohia ngā rau polymer (i te 1000–1500 °C) kātahi ka whakakārāpitihia (i te 2800–3200 °C) hei hanga i ngā rauemi paparanga pai te hanganga. Ahakoa he teitei te kounga o ēnei kiriata, he nui te whakapaunga pūngao1,18,19, ā, ko te matotoru iti rawa he iti noa iho i te torutoru maikoroni1,18,19,20.
Ko te tikanga rongonui o te whakapūtanga matū kohu (CVD) mō te whakaputa i ngā kiriata graphene me te graphite tino angiangi (<10 nm) me te kounga hanganga teitei me te utu whaitake21,22,23,24,25,26,27. Heoi, ki te whakaritea ki te tipu o te graphene me ngā kiriata graphite tino angiangi28, he iti ake te tūhuratanga o te tipu whānui me/te tono rānei o te NGF mā te whakamahi i te CVD11,13,29,30,31,32,33.
He maha ngā wā me whakawhiti ngā kiriata graphene me te graphite i whakatipuria ki te CVD ki runga i ngā papa mahi34. E rua ngā tikanga matua e whakamahia ana mō ēnei whakawhiti kiriata angiangi35: (1) te whakawhiti kore-whakairoiro36,37 me (2) te whakawhiti matū mākū i runga i te whakairo (he papa tautoko)14,34,38. He painga me he ngoikoretanga o ia tikanga, ā, me whiriwhiri i runga i te tono e hiahiatia ana, e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i hea atu35,39. Mō ngā kiriata graphene/graphite i whakatipuria ki runga i ngā papa whakakorikori, ko te whakawhiti mā roto i ngā tukanga matū mākū (ko te polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) te paparanga tautoko e whakamahia whānuitia ana) ko te kōwhiringa tuatahi tonu13,30,34,38,40,41,42. You et al. I whakahuatia kāore he polymer i whakamahia mō te whakawhiti NGF (te rahi o te tauira tata ki te 4 cm2)25,43, engari kāore i whakaratohia he taipitopito mō te pumau o te tauira me/te whakahaere rānei i te wā whakawhiti; He maha ngā mahi a ngā tukanga matū mākū e whakamahi ana i ngā pūmua, tae atu ki te tono me te tango i muri mai i tētahi paparanga pūmua patunga tapu30,38,40,41,42. He ngoikoretanga tō tēnei tukanga: hei tauira, ka taea e ngā toenga pūmua te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te kiriata kua whakatipuria38. Ka taea e te tukatuka tāpiri te tango i te pūmua toenga, engari mā ēnei mahi tāpiri ka piki ake te utu me te wā o te hanga kiriata38,40. I te wā e tipu ana te CVD, ka whakatakotoria he paparanga graphene ehara i te mea ki te taha o mua o te pepa whakakorikori (te taha e anga atu ana ki te rere o te mamaoa), engari ki tōna taha o muri hoki. Heoi, e kiia ana ko te mea whakamutunga he para, ā, ka taea te tango wawe e te plasma ngohengohe38,41. Mā te hangarua anō i tēnei kiriata ka āwhina i te whakanui ake i te hua, ahakoa he iti ake te kounga i te kiriata waro mata.
I konei, ka ripoatahia e mātou te whakaritenga o te tipu mata-rua o te NGF me te kounga hanganga teitei i runga i te pepa nikara polycrystalline mā te CVD. I aromatawaihia te pānga o te taratara o te mata o mua me muri o te pepa ki te āhua me te hanganga o te NGF. Ka whakaatuhia hoki e mātou te whakawhiti NGF, he utu-whai hua, he pai hoki mō te taiao, kāore he polymer mai i ngā taha e rua o te pepa nikara ki runga i ngā papa maha-mahi, ā, ka whakaatuhia hoki te pai o ngā kiriata o mua me muri mō ngā tono rerekē.
Kei roto i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei ngā matotoru rerekē o te kiriata karāhe i runga i te maha o ngā paparanga karāhe kua whakarārangihia: (i) te karāhe kotahi te paparanga (SLG, 1 paparanga), (ii) te karāhe torutoru te paparanga (FLG, < 10 paparanga), (iii) te karāhe maha-paparanga (MLG, 10-30 paparanga) me te (iv) NGF (~300 paparanga). Ko te mea whakamutunga te matotoru tino kitea e whakaatuhia ana hei ōrau o te horahanga (tata ki te 97% o te horahanga mō ia 100 µm2)30. Koia te take i huaina noa ai te kiriata katoa ko NGF.
He rerekē ngā kakano o ngā pepa nikara polycrystalline e whakamahia ana mō te hanga i ngā kiriata graphene me te graphite i runga i te hanganga me te tukatuka i muri mai. Nō nā tata nei mātou i ripoata ai i tētahi rangahau hei arotau i te tukanga tipu o NGF30. E whakaatu ana mātou he mea nui ngā tawhā tukanga pēnei i te wā whakamahana me te pēhanga rūma i te wā tipu ki te whiwhi NGF he matotoru ōrite. I konei, i tirotirohia anō e mātou te tipu o te NGF i runga i ngā mata o mua (FS) me ngā mata o muri (BS) o te pepa nikara kāore i orohia (Pikitia 1a). E toru ngā momo tauira FS me BS i tirohia, kua whakarārangihia ki te Ripanga 1. I te tirohanga tirohanga, ka kitea te tipu ōrite o te NGF i ngā taha e rua o te pepa nikara (NiAG) mā te huringa tae o te papa Ni nui mai i te hina hiriwa whakarewa ki te hina matte (Pikitia 1a); i whakaūhia ngā inenga moroiti (Pikitia 1b, c). Ko te whānuitanga Raman noa o te FS-NGF i kitea i te rohe kanapa, ā, e tohuhia ana e ngā pere whero, kikorangi me te karaka i te Pikitia 1b e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1c. Ko ngā tihi Raman āhua o te graphite G (1683 cm−1) me te 2D (2696 cm−1) e whakaū ana i te tipu o te NGF tino tioata (Pikitia 1c, Ripanga SI1). I roto i te kiriata, i kitea te nuinga o ngā hihi Raman me te ōwehenga kaha (I2D/IG) ~0.3, engari kāore i kitea ngā hihi Raman me te I2D/IG = 0.8. Ko te korenga o ngā tihi hapa (D = 1350 cm-1) i roto i te kiriata katoa e tohu ana i te kounga teitei o te tipu NGF. I whiwhihia ngā hua Raman rite tonu i runga i te tauira BS-NGF (Pikitia SI1 a me b, Ripanga SI1).
Te Whakataurite i te NiAG FS- me te BS-NGF: (a) Whakaahua o tētahi tauira NGF (NiAG) noa e whakaatu ana i te tipu NGF i te tauine wafer (55 cm2) me ngā tauira konumohe BS- me te FS-Ni i puta mai, (b) Ngā Whakaahua FS-NGF/Ni i whiwhihia mā te karuārai whatu, (c) ngā hihi Raman noa i hopukina i ngā tūranga rerekē i te panera b, (d, f) Ngā whakaahua SEM i ngā whakanuinga rerekē i runga i te FS-NGF/Ni, (e, g) Ngā whakaahua SEM i ngā whakanuinga rerekē Ka Whakatakotoria te BS -NGF/Ni. Ko te pere kikorangi e tohu ana i te rohe FLG, ko te pere karaka e tohu ana i te rohe MLG (e tata ana ki te rohe FLG), ko te pere whero e tohu ana i te rohe NGF, ā, ko te pere magenta e tohu ana i te takai.
I te mea ko te tipu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te matotoru o te papa tuatahi, te rahi o te karaihe, te whakatakotoranga, me ngā rohe o te kōhao, he wero tonu te whakatutuki i te whakahaere tika o te matotoru NGF i runga i ngā wāhi nui20,34,44. I whakamahia e tēnei rangahau ngā ihirangi i whakaputaina e mātou i mua30. Ka puta he rohe kanapa o te 0.1 ki te 3% mō ia 100 µm230 i tēnei tukanga. I ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei, ka whakaatuhia e mātou ngā hua mō ngā momo rohe e rua. Ko ngā whakaahua SEM whakanui teitei e whakaatu ana i te aroaro o ētahi wāhi rerekē kanapa i ngā taha e rua (Pikitia 1f,g), e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā rohe FLG me MLG30,45. I whakaūtia hoki tēnei e te marara Raman (Pikitia 1c) me ngā hua TEM (ka kōrerohia i muri mai i te wāhanga "FS-NGF: hanganga me ngā āhuatanga"). Ko ngā rohe FLG me MLG i kitea i runga i ngā tauira FS- me BS-NGF/Ni (NGF o mua me muri i whakatipuria ki runga i te Ni) tera pea i tipu ki runga i ngā kōhao Ni(111) nui i hangaia i te wā o mua i te whakamahana22,30,45. I kitea te takai i ngā taha e rua (Pikitia 1b, kua tohua ki ngā pere papura). He maha ngā wā ka kitea ēnei takai i roto i ngā kiriata graphene me te graphite i whakatipuria ki te CVD nā te rerekētanga nui o te tauwehenga o te whakawhānui wera i waenga i te graphite me te papa nickel30,38.
I whakaū te whakaahua AFM he papatahi ake te tauira FS-NGF i te tauira BS-NGF (Pikitia SI1) (Pikitia SI2). Ko ngā uara taratara pūtake toharite (RMS) o te FS-NGF/Ni (Pikitia SI2c) me te BS-NGF/Ni (Pikitia SI2d) he 82 me te 200 nm, ia (i whangangahia ki runga i te horahanga o te 20 × 20 μm2). Ka taea te mārama ki te taratara teitei ake i runga i te tātari mata o te pepa nikara (NiAR) i te āhua i whiwhihia (Pikitia SI3). Kei roto i ngā Pikitia SI3a–d ngā whakaahua SEM o te FS me te BS-NiAR, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhua mata rerekē: he rite te rahi o ngā matūriki porowhita ki te nano me te micron o te pepa FS-Ni kua orohia, ko te pepa BS-Ni kāore anō kia orohia he arawhata whakaputa. he kaha teitei, he hekenga hoki. Kei roto i te Pikitia SI3e–h ngā whakaahua iti me te taumira teitei o te pepa nikara kua whakamahanahia (NiA). I roto i ēnei whakaahua, ka kitea te aroaro o ētahi matūriki nikara iti-mākorona i ngā taha e rua o te pepa nikara (Pikitia SI3e–h). Tērā pea he Ni(111) te āhua o te mata o ngā kakano nui, e ai ki ngā pūrongo o mua30,46. He rerekētanga nui kei roto i te āhua o te pepa nikara i waenga i te FS-NiA me te BS-NiA. Nā te mata kāore anō kia orohia o te BS-NiAR te nui ake o te taratara o te BS-NGF/Ni, ā, he taratara tonu te mata ahakoa i muri i te whakamahana (Pikitia SI3). Mā tēnei momo āhuatanga mata i mua i te tukanga tipu ka taea te whakahaere i te taratara o ngā kiriata graphene me te graphite. Me mōhio i whakarerekētia te kakano taketake i te wā o te tipu graphene, ā, i whakaitihia te rahi o te kakano, ā, i whakanuia ake te taratara o te mata o te kakano ki te whakataurite ki te pepa me te kiriata whakakorikori kua whakamahanahia22.
Mā te whakatikatika i te taratara o te mata o te papa, te wā whakamahana (te rahi o te kōpura)30,47 me te whakahaere tukunga43 ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te ōritetanga o te matotoru NGF ā-rohe ki te µm2 me/ranei te tauine nm2 (arā, ngā rerekētanga matotoru o ētahi nanometa). Hei whakahaere i te taratara o te mata o te papa, ka taea te whakaaro ki ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakakanapa hiko o te pepa nikara kua puta48. Kātahi ka taea te whakamahana i te pepa nikara kua tukatukahia i mua i te pāmahana iti iho (< 900 °C) 46 me te wā (< 5 meneti) hei karo i te hanganga o ngā kōpura Ni(111) nui (he mea pai mō te tipu FLG).
Kāore e taea e te graphene SLG me FLG te tu atu i te taumahatanga o te mata o ngā waikawa me te wai, me whai paparanga tautoko miihini i ngā tukanga whakawhiti matū mākū22,34,38. He rerekē ki te whakawhiti matū mākū o te graphene paparanga kotahi e tautokona ana e te polymer38, i kitea e mātou ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā taha e rua o te NGF kua tipu ake me te kore he tautoko polymer, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2a (tirohia te Pikitia SI4a mō ētahi atu taipitopito). Ka tīmata te whakawhiti o te NGF ki tētahi papa kua hoatu mā te keri mākū o te kiriata Ni30.49 kei raro. I whakanohoia ngā tauira NGF/Ni/NGF kua tipu ake mō te pō ki roto i te 15 mL o te 70% HNO3 kua whakaranua ki te 600 mL o te wai deionized (DI). I muri i te rewa katoa o te pepa Ni, ka noho papatahi te FS-NGF ka mānu i runga i te mata o te wai, pērā i te tauira NGF/Ni/NGF, i te mea ka rumakina te BS-NGF ki roto i te wai (Pikitia 2a,b). Kātahi ka whakawhitia te NGF kua wehea mai i tētahi kapu kei roto te wai hou kua whakakorea te ion ki tētahi atu kapu, ā, ka horoia pai te NGF kua wehea, me te whakahoki anō i te mahi kia whā ki te ono ngā wā mā roto i te pereti karāhe kōpiko. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakatakotoria te FS-NGF me te BS-NGF ki runga i te papa e hiahiatia ana (Pikitia 2c).
Te tukanga whakawhiti matū mākū kore-pūmua mō te NGF i whakatipuria ki runga i te pepa nikara: (a) Te tūtohi rere o te tukanga (tirohia te Pikitia SI4 mō ētahi atu taipitopito), (b) Whakaahua mamati o te NGF kua wehea i muri i te whakairo Ni (2 tauira), (c) Tauira whakawhiti FS – me te BS-NGF ki te papa SiO2/Si, (d) Whakawhiti FS-NGF ki te papa pūmua kore-mārama, (e) BS-NGF mai i te tauira kotahi me te panera d (wehea kia rua ngā wāhanga), whakawhitia ki te pepa C whakakikoruatia ki te koura me te Nafion (papa mārama ngāwari, kua tohua ngā taha ki ngā kokonga whero).
Kia mōhio koe, ko te whakawhiti SLG e mahia ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakawhiti matū mākū e hiahiatia ana he wā tukatuka katoa o te 20–24 hāora 38. Mā te tikanga whakawhiti kore-pūmua e whakaaturia ana i konei (Pikitia SI4a), ka tino whakaitihia te wā tukatuka whakawhiti NGF whānui (tata ki te 15 hāora). Ko ngā mea o te tukanga ko: (Hipanga 1) Whakaritea he otinga whakairo ka whakanoho i te tauira ki roto (~10 meneti), kātahi ka tatari mō te pō mō te whakairo Ni (~7200 meneti), (Hipanga 2) Horoia ki te wai whakakore iona (Hipanga – 3). penapena ki te wai whakakore iona, whakawhiti rānei ki te papa ūnga (20 meneti). Ka tangohia te wai i waenganui i te NGF me te matrix papatipu mā te mahi capillary (mā te whakamahi i te pepa miro)38, kātahi ka tangohia ngā pata wai e toe ana mā te whakamaroke taiao (tata ki te 30 meneti), ā, i te mutunga ka whakamarokehia te tauira mō te 10 meneti i roto i te oumu korehau (10–1 mbar) i te 50–90 °C (60 meneti) 38.
E mōhiotia ana te kaha o te karāpiti ki te tu atu ki te wai me te hau i ngā pāmahana tino teitei (≥ 200 °C)50,51,52. I whakamātauhia e mātou ngā tauira mā te whakamahi i te Raman spectroscopy, SEM, me te XRD i muri i te penapena i roto i te wai whakakore i te pāmahana rūma me roto i ngā pounamu hiri mō ngā rā torutoru ki te tau kotahi (Pikitia SI4). Kāore he pakaru e kitea ana. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2c i te FS-NGF me te BS-NGF tū motuhake i roto i te wai whakakore i te ion. I hopukina e mātou i runga i te papa SiO2 (300 nm)/Si, e whakaaturia ana i te tīmatanga o te Pikitia 2c. Hei tāpiri, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2d,e, ka taea te whakawhiti i te NGF tonu ki ngā papa rerekē pērā i ngā polymer (Thermabright polyamide mai i Nexolve me Nafion) me te pepa waro kua pania ki te koura. I ngāwari te whakanoho i te FS-NGF e mānu ana ki runga i te papa ūnga (Pikitia 2c, d). Heoi, he uaua ki te whakahaere i ngā tauira BS-NGF nui ake i te 3 cm2 i te wā i rumakina katoatia ki roto i te wai. I te nuinga o te wā, ina tīmata rātou ki te hurihuri i roto i te wai, nā te kore e āta whakahaeretia, ka pakaru pea kia rua, kia toru rānei ngā wāhanga (Pikitia 2e). I te nuinga, i taea e mātou te whakatutuki i te whakawhiti kore-pūmua o te PS- me te BS-NGF (whakawhitinga tonu me te kore tipu NGF/Ni/NGF i te 6 cm2) mō ngā tauira tae atu ki te 6 me te 3 cm2 te whānui. Ko ngā wāhanga nui, iti rānei e toe ana ka taea te (kitea ngāwari i roto i te otinga whakairo, i te wai whakakore iona rānei) ki runga i te papa e hiahiatia ana (~1 mm2, Pikitia SI4b, tirohia te tauira kua whakawhitia ki te whatunga parahi pērā i roto i te "FS-NGF: Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga (kua kōrerohia) i raro i te "Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga"), te penapena rānei mō te whakamahinga ā muri ake nei (Pikitia SI4). I runga i tēnei paearu, e whakatau ana mātou ka taea te whakahoki mai i te NGF i roto i ngā hua tae atu ki te 98-99% (whai muri i te tipu mō te whakawhiti).
I tātarihia ngā tauira whakawhiti me te kore he pūmua. Ko ngā āhuatanga āhua o te mata i whiwhihia i runga i te FS- me te BS-NGF/SiO2/Si (Pikitia 2c) mā te whakamahi i te karuārai whatu (OM) me ngā whakaahua SEM (Pikitia SI5 me te Pikitia 3) i whakaatu i whakawhitia ēnei tauira me te kore he karuārai. Ko ngā kino hanganga e kitea ana pērā i ngā kapiti, ngā kōhao, ngā wāhi rānei kua wetekina. Ko ngā kopa i runga i te NGF e tipu haere ana (Pikitia 3b, d, kua tohua ki ngā pere papura) i noho tonu i muri i te whakawhiti. Ko ngā FS- me ngā BS-NGF e rua he mea tito mai i ngā rohe FLG (ngā rohe kanapa e tohua ana e ngā pere kikorangi i te Pikitia 3). He mea whakamiharo, he rerekē ki ngā rohe pakaru torutoru i kitea i te wā o te whakawhiti pūmua o ngā kiriata karāti tino angiangi, he maha ngā rohe FLG me MLG rahi-micron e hono ana ki te NGF (kua tohua ki ngā pere kikorangi i te Pikitia 3d) i whakawhitia me te kore he kapiti, he whati rānei (Pikitia 3d). 3). I whakaūhia anō te pono o te miihini mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua TEM me te SEM o te NGF i whakawhitia ki runga i ngā whatunga parahi waro-reihi, e ai ki te kōrero i muri mai ("FS-NGF: Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga"). He taratara ake te BS-NGF/SiO2/Si i whakawhitia i te FS-NGF/SiO2/Si me ngā uara rms o te 140 nm me te 17 nm, ia, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia SI6a me te b (20 × 20 μm2). Ko te uara RMS o te NGF i whakawhitia ki runga i te papa SiO2/Si (RMS < 2 nm) he iti iho (tata ki te 3 ngā wā) i te NGF i whakatipuria ki runga i te Ni (Pikitia SI2), e tohu ana ko te taratara tāpiri pea e rite ana ki te mata Ni. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā whakaahua AFM i mahia ki ngā taha o ngā tauira FS- me te BS-NGF/SiO2/Si i whakaatu i ngā matotoru NGF o te 100 me te 80 nm, ia (Pikitia SI7). Ko te matotoru iti o te BS-NGF he hua pea nō te korenga o te mata e pā tika ana ki te hau o mua.
NGF Whakawhiti (NiAG) kāore he pūmua i runga i te papa SiO2/Si (tirohia te Pikitia 2c): (a,b) Ngā whakaahua SEM o te FS-NGF whakawhiti: te whakanui iti me te teitei (e rite ana ki te tapawhā karaka i te panera). Ngā rohe noa) – a). (c,d) Ngā whakaahua SEM o te BS-NGF whakawhiti: te whakanui iti me te teitei (e rite ana ki te rohe noa e whakaaturia ana e te tapawhā karaka i te panera c). (e, f) Ngā whakaahua AFM o ngā FS- me ngā BS-NGF whakawhiti. Ko te pere kikorangi e tohu ana i te rohe FLG – te rerekētanga kanapa, te pere kikorangi – te rerekētanga MLG mangu, te pere whero – te rerekētanga mangu e tohu ana i te rohe NGF, ko te pere magenta e tohu ana i te takai.
I tātarihia te hanganga matū o ngā FS- me ngā BS-NGF kua whakatipuria me ngā FS-NGF kua whakawhitia mā te X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Pikitia 4). I kitea he tihi ngoikore i roto i ngā irahiko i inehia (Pikitia 4a, b), e rite ana ki te papa Ni (850 eV) o ngā FS- me ngā BS-NGF kua whakatipuria (NiAG). Kāore he tihi i roto i ngā irahiko i inehia o ngā FS- me ngā BS-NGF/SiO2/Si kua whakawhitia (Pikitia 4c; kāore i whakaaturia ngā hua ōrite mō ngā BS-NGF/SiO2/Si), e tohu ana kāore he toenga paru Ni i muri i te whakawhiti. E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 4d–f i ngā irahiko taumira teitei o ngā taumata pūngao C1s, O1s me Si2p o te FS-NGF/SiO2/Si. Ko te pūngao here o C1s o te graphite he 284.4 eV53.54. Ko te āhua rārangi o ngā tihi karāpeti e kiia ana he koretake, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4d54. Ko te whānuitanga matua taumata-teitei C1s (Pikitia 4d) i whakaū anō hoki i te whakawhiti parakore (arā, kāore he toenga polymer), he rite tonu ki ngā rangahau o mua38. Ko te whānui rārangi o ngā whānuitanga C1s o te tauira hou kua tipu (NiAG) me muri i te whakawhiti ko te 0.55 me te 0.62 eV, ia. He teitei ake ēnei uara i ērā o te SLG (0.49 eV mō te SLG i runga i te papa SiO2)38. Heoi, he iti ake ēnei uara i ngā whānui rārangi kua pūrongohia i mua mō ngā tauira graphene pyrolytic tino hāngai (~0.75 eV)53,54,55, e tohu ana i te korenga o ngā pae waro hapa i roto i te rauemi o nāianei. Kāore hoki he pakihiwi o ngā whānuitanga taumata whenua C1s me O1s, e kore ai e hiahiatia te wetewete tihi teitei54. He tihi amiorangi π → π* kei te taha o te 291.1 eV, e kitea pinepinetia ana i roto i ngā tauira karāpeti. Ko ngā tohu 103 eV me te 532.5 eV i roto i ngā ira matua Si 2p me O 1 s (tirohia te Pikitia 4e, f) e pā ana ki te papa SiO2 56. He tikanga tairongo-mata te XPS, nō reira ko ngā tohu e pā ana ki te Ni me te SiO2 i kitea i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te whakawhiti NGF, e kiia ana i ahu mai i te rohe FLG. I kitea ngā hua ōrite mō ngā tauira BS-NGF i whakawhitia (kāore i whakaaturia).
Ngā hua o te NiAG XPS: (ac) Arotake i ngā hihi o ngā hanganga ngota huānga rerekē o te FS-NGF/Ni, BS-NGF/Ni me te FS-NGF/SiO2/Si kua whakatōkia, ia. (d–f) Ngā hihi taumira teitei o ngā taumata matua C 1 s, O 1s me Si 2p o te tauira FS-NGF/SiO2/Si.
I aromatawaihia te kounga whānui o ngā tioata NGF i whakawhitia mā te whakamahi i te X-ray diffraction (XRD). Ko ngā tauira XRD noa (Pikitia SI8) o ngā FS- me BS-NGF/SiO2/Si i whakawhitia e whakaatu ana i te aroaro o ngā tihi diffraction (0 0 0 2) me te (0 0 0 4) i te 26.6° me te 54.7°, he rite ki te graphite. . E whakaū ana tēnei i te kounga tioata teitei o te NGF, ā, e rite ana ki te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga o d = 0.335 nm, e mau tonu ana i muri i te taahiraa whakawhiti. Ko te kaha o te tihi diffraction (0 0 0 2) he tata ki te 30 ngā wā o te tihi diffraction (0 0 0 4), e tohu ana kei te pai te tūnga o te papa tioata NGF ki te mata tauira.
E ai ki ngā hua o te SEM, te Raman spectroscopy, te XPS me te XRD, i kitea te kounga o te BS-NGF/Ni he rite ki te kounga o te FS-NGF/Ni, ahakoa he paku teitei ake tōna taratara rms (Pikitia SI2, SI5) me te SI7).
Ka taea e ngā SLG me ngā paparanga tautoko polymer tae atu ki te 200 nm te matotoru te mānu i runga i te wai. He mea whakamahi noa tēnei whakatakotoranga i roto i ngā tukanga whakawhiti matū mākū āwhina polymer22,38. He hydrophobic te graphene me te graphite (koki mākū 80–90°)57. Kua pūrongohia he papatahi ngā mata pūngao pūmanawa o te graphene me te FLG, he iti te pūngao pūmanawa (~1 kJ/mol) mō te nekehanga taha o te wai i te mata58. Heoi, ko ngā pūngao taunekeneke kua tatauhia o te wai me te graphene me ngā paparanga e toru o te graphene he tata ki te − 13 me te − 15 kJ/mol,58 ia, e tohu ana he iti ake te taunekeneke o te wai me te NGF (tata ki te 300 paparanga) ki te graphene. Koinei pea tētahi o ngā take e noho papatahi tonu ai te NGF tū motuhake i runga i te mata o te wai, ko te graphene tū motuhake (e mānu ana i roto i te wai) ka piko ka pakaru. Ina rumakina katoatia te NGF ki roto i te wai (he rite tonu ngā hua mō te NGF taratara me te papatahi), ka piko ōna taha (Pikitia SI4). Mēnā ka rumakina katoatia, e matapaetia ana ka tata rua te kaha taunekeneke NGF-wai (ki te whakataurite ki te NGF e mānu ana) ā, ka piko ngā taha o te NGF kia mau tonu ai te koki whakapā teitei (wai-haumanu). E whakapono ana mātou ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki hei karo i te piko o ngā taha o ngā NGF kua whakauruhia. Ko tētahi huarahi ko te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa whakauru hei whakatikatika i te tauhohenga mākū o te kiriata karāhe59.
Kua pūrongohia i mua te whakawhiti o te SLG ki ngā momo papa mā roto i ngā tukanga whakawhiti matū mākū. E whakaaetia whānuitia ana he ngoikore ngā kaha van der Waals i waenga i ngā kiriata graphene/graphite me ngā papa (ahakoa he papa pakari pērā i te SiO2/Si38,41,46,60, SiC38, Au42, Si pillars22 me ngā kiriata waro rei30, 34, he papa ngāwari rānei pērā i te polyimide 37). I konei ka whakaarohia e mātou ko ngā taunekeneke o te momo kotahi te mea nui. Kāore mātou i kite i tētahi kino, i tētahi kiri rānei o te NGF mō tētahi o ngā papa i whakaaturia i konei i te wā e whakahaeretia ana e te mīhini (i te wā e whakaahuatia ana i raro i te korehau me/ranei ngā āhuatanga hauhautanga, i te wā e rongoatia ana) (hei tauira, Pikitia 2, SI7 me SI9). Hei tāpiri, kāore mātou i kite i tētahi tihi SiC i roto i te whānuitanga XPS C 1 s o te taumata matua o te tauira NGF/SiO2/Si (Pikitia 4). E tohu ana ēnei hua kāore he hononga matū i waenga i te NGF me te papa ūnga.
I te wāhanga o mua, "Te whakawhiti kore-pūmua o te FS- me te BS-NGF," i whakaaturia e mātou ka taea e te NGF te tipu me te whakawhiti i ngā taha e rua o te pepa nikara. Kāore ēnei FS-NGF me ngā BS-NGF i te ōrite te taratara o te mata, ā, nā tēnei i akiaki mātou ki te tūhura i ngā tono tino tika mō ia momo.
I runga i te mārama me te maeneene o te mata o te FS-NGF, i tirotirohia e mātou tōna hanganga ā-rohe, ōna āhuatanga whatu me te hiko. Ko te hanganga me te hanganga o te FS-NGF kāore he whakawhiti polymer i tautuhia e te whakaahua karu hiko tuku (TEM) me te tātari tauira diffraction hiko rohe kua tohua (SAED). Ko ngā hua e rite ana e whakaatuhia ana i te Pikitia 5. I whakaatuhia e te whakaahua TEM papatahi iti te whakanui i te aroaro o ngā rohe NGF me FLG me ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te rerekētanga hiko, arā, ngā rohe pouri me ngā rohe kanapa, ia (Pikitia 5a). Ko te kiriata whānui e whakaatu ana i te pai o te pono me te pumau o te miihini i waenga i ngā rohe rerekē o te NGF me te FLG, me te taupatupatu pai me te kore he kino, he haehae rānei, i whakaūhia hoki e te SEM (Pikitia 3) me ngā rangahau TEM whakanui teitei (Pikitia 5c-e). Ina koa, i roto i te Pikitia 5d e whakaatu ana i te hanganga piriti i tōna wāhanga nui rawa (te tūranga i tohua e te pere ira pango i te Pikitia 5d), e tohuhia ana e te āhua tapatoru, ā, he paparanga graphene me te whānui o te 51. Ko te hanganga me te mokowā papatahi o te 0.33 ± 0.01 nm ka whakaitihia anō ki ētahi paparanga o te graphene i te rohe whaiti rawa (te pito o te pere pango totoka i te Pikitia 5 d).
Whakaahua TEM papatahi o tētahi tauira NiAG kore-pūmua i runga i tētahi whatunga parahi waro reihi: (a, b) Ngā whakaahua TEM whakanui iti tae atu ki ngā rohe NGF me FLG, (ce) Ko ngā whakaahua whakanui teitei o ngā rohe rerekē i roto i te panera-a me te panera-b he pere kua tohua he rite te tae. Ko ngā pere matomato i roto i ngā panera a me c e tohu ana i ngā wāhi porowhita o te kino i te wā e whakarite ana i te hihi. (f–i) I roto i ngā panera a ki te c, ko ngā tauira SAED i roto i ngā rohe rerekē e tohuhia ana e ngā porowhita kikorangi, kikorangi, karaka, me te whero.
Ko te hanganga rīpene i te Pikitia 5c e whakaatu ana (kua tohua ki te pere whero) i te aronga poutū o ngā papa whatu karāhe, tērā pea nā te hanganga o ngā nanofolds i te taha o te kiriata (whakaurunga i te Pikitia 5c) nā te nui rawa o te ahotea kutikuti kāore i te whakatikatikaina30,61,62. I raro i te TEM taumira teitei, ka whakaatuhia e ēnei nanofolds 30 he aronga karaihe rerekē i te toenga o te rohe NGF; ko ngā papa turanga o te whatu karāhe kua tata poutū te aronga, kaua ki te whakapae pērā i te toenga o te kiriata (whakaurunga i te Pikitia 5c). Waihoki, i ētahi wā ka whakaatuhia e te rohe FLG ngā whatu raina me ngā whatu whaiti rite ki te roopu (kua tohua ki ngā pere kikorangi), e puta ana i te whakanui iti me te waenga i ngā Pikitia 5b, 5e. Ko te whakaurunga i te Pikitia 5e e whakaū ana i te aroaro o ngā paparanga karāhene e rua me te toru-paparanga i roto i te wāhanga FLG (tawhiti paparanga 0.33 ± 0.01 nm), he pai te whakaae ki ā mātou hua o mua30. Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā whakaahua SEM kua tuhia o te NGF kore-pūmua i whakawhitia ki runga i ngā whatunga parahi me ngā kiriata waro rei (whai muri i te mahi inenga TEM tirohanga-runga) e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia SI9. Ko te rohe FLG i tautau pai (kua tohua ki te pere kikorangi) me te rohe pakaru i te Pikitia SI9f. Ko te pere kikorangi (kei te taha o te NGF i whakawhitia) kua whakaaturia ā-whakaarohia hei whakaatu ka taea e te rohe FLG te ātete i te tukanga whakawhiti me te kore pūmua. Hei whakarāpopototanga, e whakaū ana ēnei whakaahua kei te mau tonu te NGF i tautau hapa (tae atu ki te rohe FLG) i te āhua miihini ahakoa i muri i te whakahaere pakari me te whakaaturanga ki te korehau teitei i te wā e ine ana i te TEM me te SEM (Pikitia SI9).
Nā te tino papatahi o te NGF (tirohia te Pikitia 5a), ehara i te mea uaua ki te whakatakoto i ngā maramara i te taha o te tuaka rohe [0001] hei tātari i te hanganga SAED. I runga i te matotoru o te kiriata me tōna taunga, he maha ngā rohe whai take (12 ngā tohu) i tautuhia mō ngā rangahau diffraction irahiko. I roto i ngā Pikitia 5a–c, e whā o ēnei rohe noa e whakaaturia ana, ā, kua tohua ki ngā porowhita tae (kikorangi, cyan, karaka, me te whero kua waeherehia). Ngā Pikitia 2 me te 3 mō te aratau SAED. I tangohia ngā Pikitia 5f me te g mai i te rohe FLG e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 5 me te 5. E ai ki ngā Pikitia 5b me te c, ia. He hanganga hexagonal tō rātou e rite ana ki te graphene takai63. Ina koa, e whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5f i ngā tauira e toru e taupatupatu ana me te aronga kotahi o te tuaka rohe [0001], e hurihia ana e te 10° me te 20°, e whakaatuhia ana e te kore ōrite koki o ngā takirua e toru o ngā whakaata (10-10). Waihoki, e whakaatu ana te Pikitia 5g i ngā tauira hexagonal e rua kua tāpirihia kia hurihia e te 20°. Ka puta ake pea i roto i te rohe FLG ngā rōpū tauira hexagonal e rua, e toru rānei, mai i ngā paparanga graphene 33 e toru i roto i te papa, i waho rānei i te papa, kua hurihia tetahi ki tetahi. He rerekē, ko ngā tauira diffraction irahiko i roto i te Pikitia 5h,i (e rite ana ki te rohe NGF e whakaaturia ana i roto i te Pikitia 5a) e whakaatu ana i tētahi tauira [0001] kotahi me te kaha diffraction pūwāhi teitei ake, e rite ana ki te matotoru rauemi nui ake. E rite ana ēnei tauira SAED ki tētahi hanganga graphitic matotoru ake me te aronga waenga i te FLG, e ai ki te tohu 64. Nā te whakaahuatanga o ngā āhuatanga tioata o te NGF i whakaatu i te noho tahi o ngā tioata graphite (graphene rānei) e rua, e toru rānei kua tāpirihia. Ko te mea tino kitea i roto i te rohe FLG ko te he o te aronga i roto i te papa, i waho rānei i te papa o ngā tioata. Kua pūrongohia i mua ngā matūriki/paparanga karāpiti me ngā koki hurihuri ā-roto o te 17°, 22° me te 25° mō te NGF i whakatipuria ki runga i ngā kiriata Ni 64. Ko ngā uara koki hurihuri i kitea i roto i tēnei rangahau he rite ki ngā koki hurihuri i kitea i mua (±1°) mō te karāpene BLG63 miro.
I inehia ngā āhuatanga hiko o te NGF/SiO2/Si i te 300 K i runga i te horahanga 10×3 mm2. Ko ngā uara o te kukū o te kaikawe irahiko, te nekenekehanga me te kawe hiko ko 1.6 × 1020 cm-3, 220 cm2 V-1 C-1 me 2000 S-cm-1, ia. He rite ngā uara nekenekehanga me te kawe hiko o tā mātou NGF ki te karāhe taiao2 ā, he teitei ake i te karāhe pyrolytic tino hāngai e wātea ana i te hokohoko (i hangaia i te 3000 °C)29. Ko ngā uara kukū o te kaikawe irahiko i kitea he rua ngā whakarea teitei ake i ērā i pūrongohia tata nei (7.25 × 10 cm-3) mō ngā kiriata karāhe matotoru-micron i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā rau polyimide pāmahana-tiketike (3200 °C) 20.
I whakahaerehia hoki e mātou ngā inenga whakawhiti UV-kitea i runga i te FS-NGF i whakawhitia ki ngā papa quartz (Pikitia 6). Ko te whānuitanga hua e whakaatu ana i te whakawhiti tata tonu o te 62% i roto i te awhe 350–800 nm, e tohu ana he mārama te NGF ki te mārama kitea. Inaa, ka kitea te ingoa "KAUST" i roto i te whakaahua mamati o te tauira i te Pikitia 6b. Ahakoa he rerekē te hanganga nanocrystalline o te NGF i tērā o te SLG, ka taea te whakatau tata i te maha o ngā paparanga mā te whakamahi i te ture o te 2.3% te ngaronga whakawhiti mō ia paparanga tāpiri65. E ai ki tēnei whanaungatanga, ko te maha o ngā paparanga graphene me te 38% te ngaronga whakawhiti he 21. Ko te NGF kua whakatipuria he 300 ngā paparanga graphene, arā, tata ki te 100 nm te matotoru (Pikitia 1, SI5 me SI7). Nō reira, e whakaaro ana mātou ko te mārama whatu i kitea e rite ana ki ngā rohe FLG me MLG, nā te mea kua tohatohahia puta noa i te kiriata (Pikitia 1, 3, 5 me te 6c). Haunga ngā raraunga hanganga o runga ake nei, ka whakaūtia hoki e te kawe hiko me te māramatanga te kounga tioata teitei o te NGF i whakawhitia.
(a) Te ine i te whakawhiti hihi UV-kitea, (b) te whakawhiti NGF noa i runga i te quartz mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira māngai. (c) Te hoahoa o te NGF (pouaka pōuri) me ngā rohe FLG me MLG kua tohatohahia kia ōrite te tohatoha kua tohua hei āhua matapōkere hina puta noa i te tauira (tirohia te Pikitia 1) (tata ki te 0.1–3% te horahanga mō ia 100 μm2). Ko ngā āhua matapōkere me ō rātou rahi i roto i te hoahoa he mea whakaahua noa iho, ā, kāore e rite ki ngā horahanga tuturu.
Ko te NGF mārama i whakatipuria e te CVD kua whakawhitia i mua ki ngā mata silicon tahanga, ā, kua whakamahia i roto i ngā pūtau rā15,16. Ko te hua o te whai huatanga o te huringa mana (PCE) he 1.5%. He maha ngā mahi a ēnei NGF pēnei i ngā paparanga matū hohe, ngā ara kawe utu, me ngā irahiko mārama15,16. Heoi, kāore te kiriata karāti i te ōrite. Me arotau anō mā te whakahaere āta i te ātete rau me te tuku whatu o te irahiko karāti, nā te mea he mea nui ēnei āhuatanga e rua ki te whakatau i te uara PCE o te pūtau rā15,16. I te nuinga o te wā, he 97.7% te mārama o ngā kiriata karāti ki te mārama e kitea ana, engari he ātete rau 200–3000 ohms/sq.16. Ka taea te whakaiti i te ātete mata o ngā kiriata karāti mā te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā paparanga (whakawhitinga maha o ngā paparanga karāti) me te tāpiri ki te HNO3 (~30 Ohm/sq.)66. Heoi, he roa te wā e pau ana ki tēnei tukanga, ā, kāore ngā paparanga whakawhiti rerekē e mau tonu te hononga pai. Kei te taha mua o tā mātou NGF ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kawe hiko 2000 S/cm, te ātete ki te rau kiriata 50 ohm/sq. me te mārama 62%, he huarahi pai tēnei mō ngā hongere kawe hiko, ngā irahiko whakahē rānei i roto i ngā pūtau rā15,16.
Ahakoa he rite te hanganga me te matū o te mata o te BS-NGF ki te FS-NGF, he rerekē tōna taratara ("Te Tipu o te FS- me te BS-NGF"). I mua, i whakamahia e mātou te kiriata tino angiangi graphite22 hei pūoko hau. Nō reira, i whakamatauria e mātou te whaihua o te whakamahi i te BS-NGF mō ngā mahi pūoko hau (Pikitia SI10). Tuatahi, i whakawhitia ngā wāhanga mm2 o te BS-NGF ki runga i te maramara pūoko hiko whakawhiti matihiko (Pikitia SI10a-c). I tukuna ngā taipitopito hanga o te maramara i mua; ko tōna rohe tairongo hohe ko 9 mm267. I roto i ngā whakaahua SEM (Pikitia SI10b me te c), ka kitea mārama te hiko koura i raro i te NGF. Anō, ka kitea kua tutuki te kapi maramara ōrite mō ngā tauira katoa. I tuhia ngā inenga pūoko hau o ngā hau rerekē (Pikitia SI10d) (Pikitia SI11) ā, ko ngā reiti urupare hua ka whakaaturia i roto i ngā Pikitia SI10g. Tērā pea me ētahi atu hau e pokanoa ana tae atu ki te SO2 (200 ppm), H2 (2%), CH4 (200 ppm), CO2 (2%), H2S (200 ppm) me te NH3 (200 ppm). Ko tētahi take pea ko te NO2. te āhua hikohiko o te hau22,68. Ina mimitia ki te mata o te graphene, ka whakaitihia te mimiti o ngā irahiko e te pūnaha. Kei te whakaatuhia te whakataurite i ngā raraunga wā urupare o te pūoko BS-NGF me ngā pūoko kua whakaputaina i mua i roto i te Ripanga SI2. Kei te haere tonu te tikanga mō te whakahohe anō i ngā pūoko NGF mā te whakamahi i te plasma UV, te plasma O3, te maimoatanga wera rānei (50–150°C) o ngā tauira kua kitea, ā, ko te mea pai ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā pūnaha tāmau69.
I te tukanga CVD, ka puta te tipu o te graphene i ngā taha e rua o te papa whakakorikori41. Heoi, ko te BS-graphene ka tukuna i te nuinga o te wā i te tukanga whakawhiti41. I roto i tēnei rangahau, ka whakaatuhia e mātou ka taea te whakatutuki i te tipu NGF kounga teitei me te whakawhiti NGF kore-polymer i ngā taha e rua o te tautoko whakakorikori. He angiangi ake te BS-NGF (~80 nm) i te FS-NGF (~100 nm), ā, ko tēnei rerekētanga ka whakamāramahia e te meka kāore te BS-Ni e pā tika ana ki te rere o te hau mua. I kitea anō e mātou ko te taratara o te papa NiAR te awe i te taratara o te NGF. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua ka taea te whakamahi i te FS-NGF papatahi kua whakatipuria hei rauemi mua mō te graphene (mā te tikanga exfoliation70) hei hongere kawe rānei i roto i ngā pūtau solar15,16. He rerekē, ka whakamahia te BS-NGF mō te kimi hau (Pikitia SI9) me te pea mō ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao71,72 kei reira ka whai hua tōna taratara mata.
I runga i ngā mea o runga ake nei, he mea whai hua te whakakotahi i te mahi o nāianei me ngā kiriata karāpeti kua whakaputaina i mua i whakatipuria mā te CVD me te whakamahi i te pepa nikara. E kitea ana i te Ripanga 2, ko ngā pēhanga teitei ake i whakamahia e mātou i whakapoto i te wā tauhohenga (wāhanga tipu) ahakoa i ngā pāmahana iti (i te awhe o te 850–1300 °C). I eke hoki mātou ki te tipu nui atu i te tikanga, e tohu ana i te kaha o te whakawhānui. Tērā atu anō ngā āhuatanga hei whakaaro, ko ētahi o ēnei kua whakaurua e mātou ki te ripanga.
I whakatipuria te NGF kounga teitei taha-rua ki runga i te pepa nikara mā te CVD whakakorikori. Mā te whakakore i ngā papa polymer tuku iho (pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana i roto i te graphene CVD), ka tutuki i a mātou te whakawhiti mākū ma, kore-hapa o te NGF (i whakatipuria ki ngā taha o muri me mua o te pepa nikara) ki ngā momo papa tino nui o te tukanga. He mea nui, kei roto i te NGF ngā rohe FLG me MLG (te nuinga o te 0.1% ki te 3% mō ia 100 µm2) e pai ana te hanganga ki roto i te kiriata matotoru. E whakaatu ana te TEM papatahi he mea tito ēnei rohe i ngā puranga o ngā matūriki graphite/graphene e rua ki te toru (he tioata, he paparanga rānei), ko ētahi he koretake te hurihanga o te 10–20°. Ko ngā rohe FLG me MLG te kawenga mō te mārama o te FS-NGF ki te mārama e kitea ana. Mō ngā rau o muri, ka taea te kawe whakarara ki ngā rau o mua, ā, e ai ki te whakaaturanga, ka taea te whai kaupapa mahi (hei tauira, mō te kimi hau). He tino whai hua ēnei rangahau mō te whakaiti i te para me ngā utu i roto i ngā tukanga CVD tauine ahumahi.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te matotoru toharite o te CVD NGF kei waenganui i te graphene (paparanga-iti me te paparanga-maha) me ngā rau karāpeti ahumahi (micrometer). Ko te whānuitanga o ō rātou āhuatanga whakamere, me te tikanga māmā kua whakawhanakehia e mātou mō tā rātou hanga me te kawe, e tino pai ai ēnei kiriata mō ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te urupare mahi a te karāpeti, me te kore e utu i ngā tukanga hanga ahumahi e kaha ana te kaha e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā.
I tāutahia he pepa nikara matotoru 25-μm (99.5% te parakore, Goodfellow) ki roto i tētahi tauhohenga CVD arumoni (Aixtron 4-inihi BMPro). I horoia te pūnaha ki te argon, ā, i whakawāteahia ki te pēhanga turanga o te 10-3 mbar. Kātahi ka whakanohoia te pepa nikara ki roto i te Ar/H2 (Whai muri i te whakamahana i te pepa Ni mō te 5 meneti, ka tukuna te pepa ki te pēhanga o te 500 mbar i te 900 °C. I whakatakotoria te NGF ki roto i te rere o te CH4/H2 (100 cm3 ia) mō te 5 meneti. Kātahi ka whakamataohia te tauira ki te pāmahana i raro i te 700 °C mā te whakamahi i te rere Ar (4000 cm3) i te 40 °C/min. Kei te whakaahuahia ngā taipitopito mō te arotautanga o te tukanga tipu NGF i ētahi atu wāhi30.
I tirohia te āhua o te mata o te tauira mā te SEM mā te whakamahi i te karuārai Zeiss Merlin (1 kV, 50 pA). I inehia te taratara o te mata o te tauira me te matotoru o te NGF mā te whakamahi i te AFM (Dimension Icon SPM, Bruker). I mahia ngā inenga TEM me te SAED mā te whakamahi i te karuārai FEI Titan 80–300 Cubed kua rite ki te pū tukunga mara kanapa teitei (300 kV), he monochromator momo FEI Wien me te whakatikatika hapa porowhita a te arotahi CEOS hei whiwhi i ngā hua whakamutunga. Ko te taumira ā-wāhi he 0.09 nm. I whakawhitia ngā tauira NGF ki ngā whatunga parahi kua pania ki te reihi waro mō te whakaahua TEM papatahi me te tātari hanganga SAED. Nō reira, ko te nuinga o ngā ngako tauira kei te iri i roto i ngā pū o te kiriuhi tautoko. I tātarihia ngā tauira NGF i whakawhitia mā te XRD. I whiwhihia ngā tauira whakarara hihi-X mā te whakamahi i tētahi ine whakarara paura (Brucker, D2 phase shifter me te pūtake Cu Kα, 1.5418 Å me te pūoko LYNXEYE) mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūtake irahiko Cu me te diameter ira hihi o te 3 mm.
I tuhia ētahi inenga pūwāhi Raman mā te whakamahi i tētahi karuārai whakauru (Alpha 300 RA, WITeC). I whakamahia he taiaho 532 nm me te mana whakaoho iti (25%) hei karo i ngā pānga i puta mai i te wera. I mahia te tirotiro irahiko whakaahua hihi-X (XPS) i runga i tētahi karuārai Kratos Axis Ultra i runga i tētahi wāhi tauira o te 300 × 700 μm2 mā te whakamahi i te irahiko Al Kα kotahi-tae (hν = 1486.6 eV) i te mana o te 150 W. I whiwhihia ngā irahiko taumira i ngā kaha tuku o te 160 eV me te 20 eV, ia. Ko ngā tauira NGF i whakawhitia ki runga i te SiO2 i tapahia kia mongamonga (3 × 10 mm2 ia) mā te whakamahi i tētahi taiaho muka ytterbium PLS6MW (1.06 μm) i te 30 W. I hangaia ngā hononga waea parahi (50 μm te matotoru) mā te whakamahi i te whakapiri hiriwa i raro i tētahi karuārai whatu. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau kawe hiko me te pānga Hall ki runga i ēnei tauira i te 300 K me te rerekētanga o te papa aukume o ± 9 Tesla i roto i tētahi pūnaha ine āhuatanga ā-tinana (PPMS EverCool-II, Quantum Design, USA). I hopukina ngā hihi UV-vis i tukuna mā te whakamahi i tētahi mita hihi UV-vis Lambda 950 i te awhe NGF 350–800 nm i whakawhitia ki ngā papa quartz me ngā tauira tohutoro quartz.
I honoa te pūoko ātete matū (maramara hiko waenga-mati) ki tētahi papa hiko tā ritenga 73, ā, i tangohia te ātete i te wā poto. Ko te papa hiko tā kei reira te taputapu e tū ana, kua honoa ki ngā pito whakapā, ā, kua whakanohoia ki roto i te rūma pūoko hau 74. I inehia te ātete i te ngaohiko o te 1 V me te matawai tonu mai i te horoinga ki te whakapūtanga hau, kātahi ka horoi anō. I te tuatahi i horoia te rūma mā te horoi ki te hauota i te 200 cm3 mō te 1 hāora kia tangohia ai ngā atu tātaritanga katoa kei roto i te rūma, tae atu ki te makuku. Kātahi ka tukuna mārire ngā tātaritanga takitahi ki roto i te rūma i te tere rere kotahi o te 200 cm3 mā te kati i te rango N2.
Kua whakaputaina he putanga whakahou o tēnei tuhinga, ā, ka taea te uru atu mā te hononga kei te tihi o te tuhinga.
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Wā tuku: 23 o Ākuhata-2024