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Iifilimu ze-Nanoscale ze-Nanoscale (i-NGFS) ziimpawu ze-nanomatials ezinokuveliswa yi-vidical ye-vaportical ye-vidical, kodwa imibuzo ihleli malunga nokudluliselwa kwazo kokudluliselwa kwaye i-morphology ichaphazela njani ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwizixhobo ezilandelayo. Apha sixela ukukhula kwe-NGF kumacala omabini ePolycrystallie Fiil (indawo ye-55 cm2, ubukhulu be-100 NM) kunye ne-6 cm2). Ngenxa ye-morphology ye-catalyst ye-Catalyst, iifilimu ezimbini zekhabhoni zahlukile kwizikhundla zazo zomzimba kunye nezinye iimpawu (ezinje ngomgangatho ongaphezulu). Sibonisa ukuba ii-NGfs ezine-rougr esecaleni zilungele ukufunyanwa kwe-no2, ngelixa inyibilikisi kunye ne-50 ye-NGE-2000 ye-S / CM, i-OHMS / M2) inokuba ngabaqhubi abasebenza nzima. Umjelo okanye i-electrode yeseli yelanga (kuba idlulisela i-62% yokukhanya okubonakalayo). Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo ezichazwe ngokuchanekileyo kunye neenkqubo zezothutho zinokunceda aqonde i-NGF njengezixhobo zekhabhoni yezicelo zetekhnoloji apho iifilimu zegraphene kunye ne-micron-mickit yegrama ayifanelekanga.
Igrafu sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi semveliso. Ngokukodwa, igrafu inepropathi ye-subrity ephantsi kakhulu kunye nendlela yokuqhutywa kombane kunye nendlela yombane, kwaye izinzile kakhulu kwi-thessial the the thermal kunye nemichiza1,2. I-Flake igrafu sisixhobo esaziwayo esiqalayo soPhando ngoPhando ngeDisphene3. Xa iqhubekeka kwiifilimu ezinqamlezileyo, inokusetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanya i-shart sinks kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezifana ne-smartphones ezingama-40,9,10 kunye noKhuseleko lweThengi ye-electromagnetic11. I-12 kunye neefilimu zeliligraphy kwi-ortraviolet13,14, iqhuba amajelo kwiiseli zelanga15,16. Kuzo zonke ezi zicelo, kuya kuba yindawo ebalulekileyo ukuba iindawo ezinkulu zefilimu zegrafu (i-NGFS) kunye nobubanzi obulawulwa kwi-Nanoscale <100 NM inokutyunjwa ngokulula kwaye ithuthwe ngokulula.
Iifilimu zegrafu ziveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko enye, ukungeniswa kunye nokwandiswa okulandelwa ngokunyanzeliswayo kwasetyenziswa ukuvelisa igraphen10,11,17,17. Iiflakis kufuneka ziqhubeke ziqwalaselwe kwiifilimu zobukhulu obufunekayo, kwaye zihlala zithatha iintsuku ezininzi zokuvelisa amaphepha aqaqambileyo. Enye indlela yokuqalisa ngokuqinileyo kwi-precumatity eqinileyo. Kumzi-mveliso, amashiti o-Polymers adityanisiwe (kwi-1000-1500 ° C) kwaye emva koko i-Degrafitid (ngonyaka ka-2800-322 c) ukwenza izinto ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle. Although the quality of these films is high, the energy consumption is significant1,18,19 and the minimum thickness is limited to a few microns1,18,19,20.
I-Catalygecical Vaporic Placial Vaporition (CVD) yindlela eyaziwayo yokuvelisa i-Graphene kunye neefilimu ze-Ultrathin Graphite (<10 NM) ngoMgangatho ophezulu wezeNdawo kunye neendleko zexabiso eliqinileyo21,27,27,27,27. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa nokukhula kweGraphene kunye ne-Ultrathin Grafite Romate28, ukukhula okukhulu kunye / okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-NGF usebenzisa i-CVD1,33,30,33.
I-CGD-IGraphene yeGraphene ye-CGD kunye neefilimu zegrafu zihlala zitshintshelwe kwi-terriches esebenzayo34. Ezi filfles ezinqamlezileyo zibandakanya iindlela ezimbini eziphambili35: (1) Ukudluliselwa kwe-etch36,37 kunye (2) ne-ETCH-esekwe kwi-18,34,38. Indlela nganye inezibonelelo kunye nezinto ezingalunganga kwaye kufuneka ikhethwe ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo esicetywayo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwenye indawo35,39. For graphene/graphite films grown on catalytic substrates, transfer via wet chemical processes (of which polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the most commonly used support layer) remains the first choice13,30,34,38,40,41,42. Wena et al. Kwakhankanywa ukuba akukho pollmer yayisetyenziselwa ukudluliselwa kwe-NGF (ubungakanani besampulu malunga ne-4 cm2) 25,43, kodwa akukho zinkcukacha zibonelelwe malunga nokuzinza kwesampulu kunye / okanye ukuphatha ngexesha lokudluliselwa; Wet chemistry processes using polymers consist of several steps, including the application and subsequent removal of a sacrificial polymer layer30,38,40,41,42. Le nkqubo inezinto ezingalunganga: umzekelo, iintsalela zePolymer zinokutshintsha iipropathi zefilimu ezikhulileyo3. Ukuqhubekiswa kongezelelweyo kunokususa i-polymer yentsalela, kodwa la manyathelo ongezelelweyo anyusa iindleko kunye nexesha lemveliso yefilimu38,40. Ngexesha lokukhula kwe-CVD, umaleko wegraphene ayifakwanga kuphela kwicala langaphambili le-catalyst foil (icala elijonge i-steam flow), kodwa nakwicala lawo. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela ithathwa njengemveliso yenkunkuma kwaye inokukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza yiplasma3 ye-surestma38,41. Ukurisayikilisha le filimu kunokunceda ukwandisa isivuno, nokuba ngumgangatho ophantsi kunefilimu yekharbon.
Apha, sixela ukulungiswa kokukhula kwe-wafef-Fifatical-ye-IFF enemigangatho ephezulu yesakhiwo kwi-Polycrystalline i-wickel Kwavavanywa ukuba ubuqhetseba bomphezulu we-foil ngaphambili buchaphazela njani i-morphology kunye nesakhiwo se-NGF. Sikwabonisa ukungabinamali nokuyisikwa kwe-Polymer-moya enobuhlobo kwi-NGF kumacala omabini eNickel Foilnestrates kwaye bonisa ukuba zilungele njani izicelo ezahlukeneyo.
La macandelo alandelayo axoxa ububanzi befilimu eyahlukileyo yefilimu kuxhomekeke kwinani labaphengululi abahleliweyo: (i) I-Graphene yoThengiso (i), (ii) i-grapheney), (ii)), (iv) Ezokugqibela yeyona nto ixhaphakileyo ebonakaliswe njengepesenti yendawo (malunga ne-97% yengingqi kwi-100 μ) 30) 30. Kungenxa yoko le nto ifilimu ibizwa ngokuba yi-NGF.
I-Polycrystalline ye-Nickel isetyenziselwa i-syntheli ye-synthene kunye neefilimu zegrafu zineefilimu ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yokwenziwa kwayo kunye nokulungiswa kwayo okulandelayo. Kutshanje sixele isifundo sokuphucula inkqubo yokukhula kwe-NGF30. Sibonisa ukuba iiparamitha zenkqubo ezinje ngoxinzelelo lwexesha kunye noxinzelelo lwegumbi lezandla ngexesha lokukhula idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni i-NGFS yobungqingqwa. Apha, siphinde saphanda ukukhula kwe-NGF kwi-Wilid Specied (FS) kunye ne-UNS) kunye ne-PREALS PROOS (BS) ye-nickel foil (fig. 1A). Iindidi ezintathu zeesampulu ze-FS kunye ne-Bs ziye zavavanywa, zidweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1. Emva kovavanyo olubonakalayo lwe-nil kwi-pile ye-Bickel isuka kwi-MECELTIC ye-Mattener kumbala ogrey engwevu (fig. 1A); Imilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yemicroscopic yaqinisekiswa (umzobo 1B, C). I-raman ye-raman ye-FS-NGF ibonwa kwingingqi eqaqambileyo kwaye iboniswe yi-Red, i-Blue kunye ne-orenji kwi-1B iboniswe kumzobo 1c. I-raman ye-raman ye-raman yegrafu G (1683 cm-1) kunye ne-2D (2696 cm-1) Qinisekisa ukukhula kwe-crystalline nust (Fig, iTheet Si1). Kuyo yonke ifilimu, isimilo seRaman Speetric Ageotity Galotio (I2D / I-IG) ~ 0.3 saqwalaselwa, ngelixa i-raman i-I2D / 0.8 yayinqabile. Ukungabikho kwe-piks enesiphene (d = 1350 cm-1) kuyo yonke ifilimu kubonisa umgangatho ophezulu we-NGPF. Iziphumo ezifanayo zeRaman zafunyanwa kwisampulu ye-BS-NGF (umzobo u-I-A1 A kunye no-B, iTheet Si1).
Thelekisa i-chaag fs- kunye ne-BS-NGF: (a) Ifoto ye-NGF ye-NGF ibonisa imicroscope ye-NGF ((B) i-raman ye-BS-NGF irekhodwa kwizikhundla ezahlukeneyo kwipaneli b, (d, f) Imifanekiso ye-SM kwi-SMISHIRS eyahlukileyo kwi-FS-NGF / NI, (E, G) Imifanekiso ye-SEM kwi-DSERDE / NI. I-arrow eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibonisa ingingqi ye-flg, utolo lwe-orenji lubonisa uMmandla we-MLG (kufutshane ne-FlG Rev), i-Red Refler ibonisa indawo ye-NGF, kunye ne-Magenta Atoll ibonisa isibonda.
Okoko ukukhula kuxhomekeke kubungqingqwa bobukhulu bokuqala, ikristali, ukuqhelaniswa, kunye nemida yokudla okuziinkozo, ekufezekiseni ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-NGF ngaphezulu kobunzima beendawo ezinkulu kuhlala kunguMngeni omkhulu20,34,44. Olu phando lusebenzise umxholo ebesipapashe ngaphambili30. Le nkqubo ivelisa indawo eqaqambileyo ye-0,1 ukuya kwi-3% nge-100 μ30. Kula macandelo alandelayo, sifaka iziphumo zombini iintlobo zemimandla. Imifanekiso ePhakamileyo ye-SEM ibonisa ubukho bemimandla eyahlukileyo eyakhileyo kumacala omabini (i-1F. Oku kuqinisekisiwe nguRaman wasasazwa (umzobo 1C) kunye nemiphumo emiselweyo (ixoxwe kamva kwicandelo "FS-NGF: Ulwakhiwo"). I-FlG kunye neMLG iqwalaselwe kwi-FS-kunye ne-BS-NGF / i-Bight kunye ne-NGF ikhule kwi-NI) inokuba ikhule kwi-NINTER kwi-pre-avelting222,35,35. Ukusonga kwajongwa kumacala omabini (umzobo. 1B, iphawulwe ngeentolo ezimfusa). Ezi ntlawulo zihlala zifumaneka kwi-CVD-egadiweyo ye-CVD kunye negrafu yegrafu ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-thermal phakathi kwegrafu phakathi kwegrafu kunye ne-nickel fastrest30,38.
Umfanekiso we-AFM uqinisekisile ukuba isampulu ye-FS-NGF yayiyipilisi kunesampulu ye-BS-NGF (umzobo Si1) (umfanekiso Si2). Ingcambu ithetha isikwere (i-RMs) Ixabiso le-FS-NGF / NI (i-SIT. Ukuqina okuphezulu kunokuqondwa ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo lomphezulu we-nickel (iar) foil kwi-ofisi efunyenweyo (umfanekiso i-SI3). Imifanekiso ye-SM ye-FS kunye ne-BS-hist iboniswe kwimibala i-SI3A-D, ibonisa i-morphologues eyahlukileyo ye-FS-NI i-FS-NI i-FS-NOPERS i-Nano-kunye ne-MICS-Debles Spile njengamasuntswana anamandla aphezulu. kwaye ukwehla. Imifanekiso ephantsi kunye nephezulu ye-anneid icocekile i-pile (i-Nia) iboniswe kwi-SI3E-H. Kula manani, sinokujonga ubukho beentsana ze-mickel ze-mickel ze-mickel ze-mickel kumacala omabini e-nickel foil (fig. Si3e-h). I-Grains enkulu inokuba ne-ANI (111) i-NI (111), njengoko bekuxelwe ngaphambili 33,46. Kukho umahluko okhoyo kwi-Nickel Foilphology ye-FS-NIA ne-BS-NIA. Ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-BS-NGF / i-NI kungenxa yomphezulu we-BS-ixoki, umphezulu osele uhleli rhabaxa nasemva kokuba unomdla (umfanekiso i-SI3). Olu hlobo lophawu lomhlaba ngaphambi kwenkqubo yokukhula luvumela uburhalarhume begraphemi kunye negrafu ukuba ilawulwe. Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-subrimed yentsebenzo yengqolowa ihlengahlengiswa kwakhona ngexesha lokukhula kwe-Graphene, enciphile kancinci ubukhulu bengqolowa kwaye kukho i-therting the the run riel kunye nefilimu ye-cataly22.
Ukuhlakulela okuhle, ixesha elinomthi (ixesha elinomsindo (ubungakanani beenkozo) 30,47 kunye nolawulo lwe-NGF's kunye / okanye ukwahluka kwe-NM2 kunye ne-NMORERY (i-NMIDR (i-NM). Ukulawula ubunzima bomhlaba, iindlela ezinje ngombane otyhidiweyo we-nickel ye-nickel foil inokuqwalaselwa. I-pickel ye-nickel eguquguqukayo inokuthi idityaniswe kubushushu obuphantsi (<900 ° C) 46 kunye nexesha (<5 imiz) ukunqanda ukwenziwa kweengqolowa ze-NI (111).
I-SLG kunye ne-flg graphene ayikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwe-acids kunye namanzi, efuna ukuhanjiswa kwenkxaso kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa iikhemikhali ezingama-402,38. Ngokuchasene nokudluliselwa kwamachiza okubangelwa yi-polymer-uxhaswe nge-Graphene38, safumanisa ukuba omabini amacala e-As-I-NGF anokutshintshelwa ngaphandle kwenkxaso ye-Polymer, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiNkxaso yePolymer, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 2A ukufumana iinkcukacha ezithe kratya). Ukudluliselwa kwe-NGF kwicandelo elinikiweyo liqala nge-etchi engaphantsi kwe-NI30.49 ifilimu. Iisampulu ze-GGF / NI / ze-NGF zabekwa ngobusuku obuyi-15 ml ye-70% ye-HNo3 ichithwe nge-600 ml ye-deoed (di) amanzi. Emva kokuba i-tiil ye-NI ichithwe ngokupheleleyo, i-FS-NGF ihlala iflethi kwaye idada kumphezulu wolwelo, njengesampulu ye-NGF / i-BS-NGF ingene emanzini (Fig. 2a, b). I-NGF ye-STF idluliselwe ukusuka kwi-beaker enye enamanzi amatsha esiya kwelinye i-beaker kwaye i-stalateds ye-STF ihlanjwe ngokucokisekileyo, iphindaphinda amane ukuya kwisitya seglasi. Okokugqibela, i-FS-NGF kunye ne-BS-NGF ibekwe kwi-subtate enqwenelekayo (Fig).
I-Polymer-fremic shemical shemikhali ye-NGF ikhulelwe kwi-Nickel Foil: (a) I-SIORY POSTRY POLTER STATERE, (e) BS-XF kwi Isampulu efanayo nepaneli d (yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini), idluliselwe kwiPhepha leGeble ePlated kunye neNafion (i-Nafion (imiphetho ebonakalayo ebonakalayo, imiphetho ebomvu ye-Red).
Qaphela ukuba udluliselo lwe-SLG lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela zokuhambisa iikhemikhali zekhemikhali kufuna indawo yokuhlala ye-20-24 iiyure ezingama-38. Ngendlela yokudluliselwa kwePolymer-free iboniswe apha (umzobo Si4a), ixesha lokudluliselwa kwe-NGF lincitshisiwe kakhulu (malunga neeyure ezili-15). Inkqubo ine: (Inyathelo loku-1) Lungisa isisombululo se-etching kwaye ubeke isampulu kuyo (~ imizuzu eli-10), emva koko ulinde ubusuku bonke (~ 7200), (inyathelo 2). Gcina amanzi kumanzi e-deeeer okanye ugqithiso kwithagethi (20 imiz). Amanzi abanjiswe phakathi kwe-NGF kunye ne-Matrix ye-Bulk isuswe ngesenzo se-capillary (usebenzisa iphepha lokucoca), emva koko amathontsi aseleyo asuswa ngumomo owomileyo wendalo (kwaye ekugqibeleni isampulu yomiswe i-10 min. I-MIN kwi-oven ye-vacuum (i-10-1 Mbar) kwi-50-90 ° C (60 imiz) 38.
Igrafu iyaziwa ukuba inyanzelise ubukho bamanzi nomoya kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (≥ 200 ° C) 50,51,52. Sivavanye iisampulu zisebenzisa iRaman Spectriscopy, i-SE, kunye ne-XRD emva kokugcina amanzi kubushushu begumbi kunye neebhotile ezitywiniweyo naphi na kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kunyaka (umfanekiso u-I4). Akukho hlazo olubonakalayo. Umzobo 2c ubonakalisa i-FS-i-FS-NGF kunye ne-BS-NGF kwi-deion. Sibamba kwi-sio2 (i-300 NM) / i-subrest, njengoko kubonisiwe ekuqaleni komfanekiso 2c. Ukongeza, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-2D, e, e, e, i-NGF eqhubekayo inokudluliselwa kwii-polymers (i-thermabright polyomide evela kwi-Netbon ye-NEAFON) kunye nephepha lekhabhoni. I-FS-NGF ye-FS-NGF ifakwe ngokulula kwithagethi (Fig. 2c, D). Nangona kunjalo, iisampulu ze-Bs-ge ezinkulu zikhulu kune-3 cm2 bekunzima ukuziphatha xa zintywila ngokupheleleyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, xa beqala ukuqengqeleka emanzini, ngenxa yokuphatha ngokungakhathali ngamanye amaxesha bahlukane namacandelo amabini okanye amathathu (fig. 2E). Ngokubanzi, sakwazi ukufezekisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-polymer-free ye-PS- kunye ne-BS-NGF (i-birm eqhubekayo ngaphandle kwe-6 cm2) kwi-6 cm2 kwi-6 ne-3 cm2 kwindawo, ngokwahlukeneyo. Naziphi na iziqwenga ezikhulu ezikhulu okanye ezincinci zinokubonwa ngokulula kwisisombululo se-etching okanye amanzi e-deeersing) kwi-subred enqwenelekayo (~ 1 mm2) okanye i-FS-NGF: (emva kokukhula).
Ukutshintshelwa iisampulu ngaphandle kwe-polymer kwakuhlaziywa ngokweenkcukacha. Iimpawu ze-morphological ye-morphological efunyenwe kwi-FS-kunye ne-BS-ns-nu2 / i-SIO2 / i-2C. Umonakalo obonakalayo obonakalayo onjenge-rocks, imingxunya, okanye kwiindawo ezingafakwanga. Iifolda kwi-NGF ekhulayo (Fig. 3b, D, iphawulwe ngeentolo ezimfusa) zihlala zisebenza emva kokudluliselwa. Zombini i-FS-kunye ne-BSS ye-NGRS ziqulunqwe imimandla ye-FLG (imimandla eqaqambileyo eboniswe yi-Atows eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-3). Ngokumangalisayo, ngokwahlukileyo kwezi ndawo zimbalwa ezonakeleyo zihlala zidluliselwa kwi-Polymer yeefilimu ze-Ultrathin i-grarows, ephawulwe imimandla ye-MLG ye-SBRG (ephawulwe yi-MLG). 3). . Ukunyaniseka koomatshini kwakuqinisekiswa ukusebenzisa i-tem kunye nemifanekiso ye-SM ye-NGF etshintshelwe kwi-lace-cacer carbon Copper, njengoko kuxoxwe kamva ("FS-NGF: Ulwakhiwo"). I-BS-gf edlulisiweyo / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / SIO2 / SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 ye-RMS ye-140 NM, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-SI6A kunye ne-B (20 × 20 μ). Ixabiso le-RMS le-NGF litshintshelwe kwi-SIO2 / i-SMS <2 NM) iphantsi kakhulu (malunga namaxesha ama-3) kune-NGF ekhule kwi-NGF ekhule kwi-NI. Ukongeza, imifanekiso ye-AFM eyenziwa kwimiphetho ye-FS-kunye ne-BS-NGF / SIO2 / SIO2 / SIO2 / SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-Sio2 / i-SI ibonise ubugqwirha obuyi-100 ne-80 NM, ngokulandelelana (FIG. I-SI7). Ubunzima obuncinci be-BS-NGF inokuba sisiphumo somphezulu ongakhange uvezwe ngokuthe ngqo kwigesi yangaphambili.
Utshintshelwe kwi-NGF Iindawo eziqhelekileyo) - a). . (e, f) Imifanekiso ye-AFM ye-FS-kunye ne-Bs-ngfs. Utolo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lumele ingingqi ye-FlG-umahluko oqaqambileyo, i-cyan Arrow-I-MLG MLG PARRE, i-Red MLG-I-Arrow ebomvu - i-RED PARRES imela i-NGF, i-Magenta Trow imele i-NGF.
Ubume bekhemikhali obukhulelweyo kwaye budluliselwe i-FS-kunye ne-Bs-ngfs yahlalutywa ngu-X-ray fotoctroscoptroscopy (xPs) (FEM). Ikhonkco elibuthathaka laqwalaselwa kwi-spedi elilinganisiweyo (umkhiwane. Akukho zincopho zikulinganiswa kwi-FS edwelisiweyo kwi-FS-kunye ne-BS-gf / sio2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO2 / i-SIO: Amanani 4D-F Veza isisombululo esiphezulu esivela kwi-CATRA ye-C 1 S, i-1 s kunye namanqanaba ama-2p angama-2p ye-FS-NGF / Sio2 / SI. Amandla okubopha kwe-C 1 s yegrafu ngama-284.4 ev53.54. Ubume belayini yemizobo ye-grakhi ithathelwa ingqalelo ngokubanzi ukuba i-asymmetrical, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 4d54. Inqanaba le-Sciel-Pore-Inqanaba le-CORTRUCO (FIG. I-4D) iqinisekisa ukudluliselwa okucocekileyo (okt, akukho ntsali yePolymer), ehambelana nezifundo zangaphambili38. I-Linewidths ye-C 1 S I-Spectra yesampulu ye-CRED (i-Niag) kwaye emva kokuguqulwa yi-0.55 kunye ne-0.62 ye-EV. La maxabiso aphezulu kunaleyo ye-STG (0.49 inda ye-SLG kwi-SIO2 ye-SIO2) 38. Nangona kunjalo, la maxabiso ayincinci kunangaphambili ebekiwe ngaphambili kwiisampulu zegrafy zegrafy zegrafy zerathonuet (~ 0.75 EV) I-53,54,55, ebonisa ukungabikho kwamaziko amakhabhoni aneziphene. Inqanaba le-C 1 s kunye ne-O 1 suctra lingabikho amagxa, lisuse isidingo se-Peak Deak Deak Deak Deak54. Kukho i-π → I-10,3 i-ev kunye ne-532.5 i-EV imiqondiso kwi-SI 2P yenqanaba le-SIP kunye ne-OT 1P " I-XPs yindlela enobuthathaka-obuthathaka, ke imiqondiso ehambelana ne-NI neSio2 ifunyenwe ngaphambi nasemva kokudluliselwa kwe-NGF, ngokulandelelana, ithathelwa ingqalelo ivela kwingingqi ye-flg. Iziphumo ezifanayo zaqwalaselwa ngenxa yokutshintshelwa iisampulu ze-BS-gf (aziboniswanga).
Iziphumo zeNiag XPs: .
Umgangatho ngokubanzi wekristali ye-NGF edlulisiweyo ivavanywa usebenzisa i-x-ray ray Iipateni eziqhelekileyo ze-XRM . Oku kuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu we-crystalline we-NGF kwaye uhambelana nomgama we-itlayer of D = 0.335 NM, ogcinwa emva kwenqanaba lokutshintshela. Ubunzulu bomxhasi obahlukileyo (0 0 2) malunga namaxesha angama-30 e-Piak of Peak (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4), ebonisa ukuba inqwelomoya yekrisi ye-NGF ihambelana kakuhle nendawo yesampulu.
Ngokweziphumo ze-SEM, iRaman Specturcopy, i-XPS kunye ne-XRD, umgangatho we-BS-NGF / NI ifunyenwe ilingane ne-FS-NGF / NI, nangona i-SMS yayo iphezulu (inani i-I7) kunye ne-i7).
I-slgs ene-polymer yenkxaso-mali kwi-200 ntm i-ntl inokuthi itshise emanzini. Oku kuseta kuqheleka kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-polymer-oncedileyo wokuhambisa iikhemikhali ezingama-2002,38. I-Graphene kunye negrafu yi-hydrophobic (i-engle emanzi 80-90) 57. Iindawo ezinokubakho ezinokubakho kuzo zombini igraphene kunye ne-flg ziye zaxelwa ukuba zifihlakele, ngamandla aphantsi anokubakho (~ 1 kj / mol) yokuhamba kwamanzi emva koMphezulu58. Nangona kunjalo, amandla okunxibelelana kwamanzi ane-eraphene kunye neengqwayithi ezintathu zegraphene malunga ne-13 kunye ne-15 KJ / 58 ngokwahlukeneyo, malunga ne-300 yezingqinisiso) xa kuthelekiswa ne-Graphene. Oku kunokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba ukukhulula i-NGF kuhlala kufikelwa kumphezulu wamanzi, ngelixa umsindo ukukhulula i-Graphene (ethi yonakale emanzini) ihla. Xa i-NGF ingenelwa ngokupheleleyo emanzini (iziphumo ziyafana kwi-NGF iRight kwaye iFlat), i-gondge yayo ye-SI4). Kwimeko yokuntywila ngokupheleleyo, kulindeleke ukuba amandla onxibelelwano lwamanzi e-NGF aphantse aphindwe kabini (athelekiswa ne-NGF edadayo) kwaye imiphetho ye-NGF ye-NGFO yokugcina i-angle ephezulu (i-hydrophobicty). Sikholelwa ukuba izicwangciso zinokuphuhliswa ukunqanda ukutshintshwa kwemiphetho ye-NGFS ezifakelweyo. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezixubeneyo ukonakalisa indlela yokuphendula yefilimu yegrafu59.
Ukudluliselwa kwe-SLG kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokwenza izinto ngeenkqubo zokugcina iikhemikhali ezimanzi ngaphambili. Ihlala yamkelekile ngokubanzi ukuba ubuthathaka iVer der Imikhosi ekhoyo phakathi kweGrakra / iMihlaba yeGraditite (ukuba ingqongqo efana neSio2 / i-SIC38, i-SIC38, i-SIC38, i-34 okanye i-Polybon efana nePolyboim 37). Apha sicinga ukuba kukho intsebenzo yohlobo olufanayo lohlobo olufanayo. Asikhange sibone nawuphi na umonakalo okanye ukuqhutywa kwe-NGF kuwo nawuphi na amaziko angeniswe apha ngexesha lokuhlawula amanye (ngexesha lokulinganiswa kwe-vacuum kunye / okanye kwi-GOSTOSICTER) (umzobo 2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2, i-2. Ukongeza, asikhange sibone i-SIC ye-SIC kwi-XPS c 1 s I-Spectrium yenqanaba le-NGF / Sio2 / SIAL (FIGE. 4). Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba akukho luhlu lwamachiza phakathi kwe-NGF kunye nethagethi ekujoliswe kuyo.
Kwicandelo elidlulileyo, "ukudluliselwa kwe-Polymer ye-FS-kunye ne-BS-NGF," sabonisa ukuba i-NGF inokukhula kwaye idluliselwe kumacala omabini e-nikel foil. Ezi fs-ng ze-FS-NGS kunye ne-BS-NGI azifani ngokobunzima obuqinileyo, osishukumisela ukuba siphonononge ezona zicelo zifanelekileyo zohlobo ngalunye.
Ukujonga ukungafihli kunye nokutyibilika kwe-FS-NGF, safunda isakhiwo sayo sasekhaya, iipropathi zayo kunye nombane ngokweenkcukacha. Isakhiwo kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-FS-NGF ngaphandle kokuba udluliselwe kwi-polymer waphawuleka kwi-Microscopy ye-elektroni ye-elektroni (i-CHE) kunye neNdawo yokuHlola ye-elektroniki. Iziphumo ezihambelana nazo ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 5. IsiQeko esiPhakamileyo seMifanekiso ebonisa ingcinga ityhila ubukho be-NGF kunye nemimandla ye-flg ngomahluko owahlukileyo e-Elenronte kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroni, okt iindawo ezibukhali kwaye eziqaqambileyo (Fight 5a). Ifilimu iyonke iyonke ibonakalisa ukuthembeka okuhle kunye nozinzo phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo ye-NGF kunye ne-flg, kunye ne-Plg, enomonakalo okanye oqinisekileyo, oqinisekisiweyo, oqinisekisiweyo, umzobo we-5c-e). Ngokukodwa, kwi-fig. Ukuqulunqwa kwesithuba se-PREPANAR ye-0.33 ± 0.01 NM incitshisiwe kwi-Graine ye-Graine kwingingqi encinci (ukuphela kotolo oluqinileyo lwe-5 d).
I-Colar tene umfanekiso we-Polymer-yasimahla ye-Polymer kwi-Copbon Lacker Grid: (a, b) imifanekiso ephantsi ye-geg ye-NGF ye-NGF ye-NGF ye-PARD-A kwaye iphawulwe iintolo zombala ofanayo. Iintolo eziluhlaza kwiiphaneli A kunye c zibonisa iindawo ezijikelezileyo zomonakalo ngexesha lokulungelelaniswa kwe-beam. .
Isakhiwo se-ribbon kumzobo 5c sibonisa (iphawulwe ngotolo obomvu) isifundo se-pharite lattice iinqwelomoya, ezinokubangelwa yi-Sheestices kwifilimu ye-Shear0,61,62. Phantsi kwesisombululo esiphezulu, ezi zi-nanofolds ezingama-30 zibonisa indlela eyahlukileyo yekristali kunaleyo iphela i-NGF; Iindiza zesiseko zegrafiki yegrafice ijolise phantse ngokuthe nkqo, endaweni yokuhamba ngokuthe nkqo njengeyona filimu (i-INSET kwi-5c). Ngokufanayo, i-FLGE iNgenesi ngamanye amaxesha ibonakalisa i-Commar kunye nebhendi emxinwa (ephawulwe ziintolo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), ezibonakala zisezantsi kwaye ziphakathi kokukhuliswa okuphantsi kunye nephakathi kwi-5B, 5e, ngokwahlukeneyo. I-INSTER kwi-5e iqinisekisa ubukho bezibini ze-raphenes kwicandelo le-FLG Ukongeza, irekhodwa imifanekiso ye-POLRER-free ng itshintshelwe kwigridi yobhedu ngefilimu ye-Lacy Carbon (emva kokwenza umlinganiso wemilinganiselo ephezulu) ziboniswe kwi-MA9. Ingingqi ye-FlG ye-Flg (iphawulwe ngotolo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kunye nomda ophukileyo kwi-SI9F. I-blue krow Ngesishwankathelo, le mifanekiso iqinisekisa ukuba ngokuyingqinela i-NGF inqunyanyisiwe nge-NGF (kubandakanya ingingqi ye-FlG) igcina ukugcinwa kwe-flg okanye igcinwe i-vacuum enkulu kunye nokubonisa i-vacuum ephezulu ngexesha lokulinganisa kunye nemilinganiselo ye-SM.
Ngenxa ye-veloffic engagungqiyo ye-NGF (jonga umfanekiso 5A), akunzima ukuthoba iiflethi ecaleni kwe [0001] i-axis yokuhlalutya isakhiwo se-SEED. Kuxhomekeka kubunzima bendawo yefilimu kunye nendawo ayo, imimandla emininzi yenzala (amanqaku ayi-12) ichongwe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroni. Kumanani e-5A-C, ezi ndawo ziqhelekileyo zibonisiwe kwaye ziphawulwe ngeesangqa ezinemibala (i-Blue, Cyan, iorenji, kunye ne-orenji ebomvu). Amanani 2 kunye ne-3 kwimodi ye-stoed. Amanani 5f kunye ne-G afunyenwe kwingingqi ye-flg eboniswe kwi-5 ne-5. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-5b 5b no-C, ngokwahlukeneyo. Banesakhiwo se-hexagonal esifana negraphene63. Ngokukodwa, umzobo 5f ibonisa iipateni ezintathu ezichaseneyo ne-Axis enye ye-Axis, ejikeleze i-10 ° ukuya kwi-20 ° ukuya kwi-20 ° ukuya kwi-20 °, njengoko kungqinwa yi-angcular ye-angcular yezibini ze (10-10). Ngokufanayo, umzobo we-5g ubonakalisa iipateni ezimbini ze-hexagonal ezijikeleze i-20 °. Amaqela amabini okanye amathathu eepateni ze-hexagonal kwingingqi yeFlg inokuvela ukusuka kwindiza ezintathu kwindiza okanye ngaphandle kwe-graphene 33 ijikelezwe ngokudibana. Ngokwahlukileyo, iipateni ze-elektroniki ze-Electroni 5h, i (ihambelana nommandla we-5A) oboniswa yipateni ye-5A) yoboniselo lwepateni yamanqaku angaphezulu kwendawo. Ezi modeli zemodeli ezigciniweyo zihambelana ne-grafitic yegrafiki yegrafiki kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwezifundo eziphakathi kune-FLAG, njengoko ifakwe kwisalathiso se-crystalline evelise i-ratstallite evelise i-ratstallites. Yintoni ephawuleka ngakumbi kumda we-flg kukuba i-crystallites inenqanaba elithile le-kwindiza okanye ngaphandle kwe-PREARINTINTINTINTINTINTINE. Igrafu yamasuntswana / iileyile ngokujikeleza kwe-17 °, i-22 ° kunye ne-25 ° ukuya kwi-NGF ngaphambili i-NGF ikhulelwe kwi-NI 64 yeefilimu. Ixabiso le-angle yokujikeleza eliqwalaselwe kolu phononongo liyahambelana ne-angles ejikelezileyo (± 1
Iipropathi zombane ze-NGF / Sio2 / i-SI zalinganiswa nge-300 k ngaphezulu kwendawo eyi-10 × 3 mm2. Iinqobo zokuziphatha zoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-elektroniki, ukuhamba kunye nokuqhutywa yi-1.6 × 1020 cm-320 cm2 v-1 c-1 c-1 c-1 c-1 c-1 ukuya kwi-2000 S-1, ngokulandelelana. Ukushukumiseka kunye nexabiso lokuqhuba le-NGF yethu liyafana ne-graphite2 yendalo kwaye iphakamileyo kune-piyrolytite ekhoyo ye-piyrolytic esebenzayo (eveliswe nge-3000 ° C) 29. Amaxabiso oxinzelelo e-Electroni ebukele yimiyalelo emibini yobukhulu obuphezulu kuneenkcukacha ezikhoyo (7.25 × 10) iifilimu ze-micron-3) kwi-micron-° i-Micro-Mermite elungiselelwe kusetyenziswa amaphepha angama-20.
Senze nemilinganiselo ye-UV-NGF ye-FS-NGF idluliselwe kwi-subz ye-subz I-shoctring ebonakalayo ibonisa ukuba phantse iguqukele kwi-62% yoluhlu lwe-350-800 nm, ebonisa ukuba i-NGF iguqukile kwisikhanyiso esibonakalayo. Ngapha koko, igama elithi "i-King" linokubonwa kwifoto yedijithali yesampulu ye-6b. Nangona isakhiwo seNanocrystalline se-NGF sahlukile koku-slg, inani lezingxwaba linokuqikelelwa kusetyenziswa umthetho we-2.3% wokuhambisa ilahleko eyongezelelweyo. Ngokutsho kolu lwalamano, inani labalimi beGraphene eline-38% yokuhambisa ilahleko yi-21. I-GARY NGF ikakhulu iquka amangcwaba angama-300, okt malunga ne-100 NM. Ke ngoko, sicinga ukuba izinto ezibonakalayo ezibonisiweyo zihambelana nemimandla yeFlg kunye neMLG, kuba zisasazwa kuyo yonke ifilimu (amakhiwane 1, 3, 5 ne-6c). Ukongeza kule datha yesakhiwo, ukwenziwa kunye nokungafihlisiyo kwakhona kuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu we-crystalline ye-GFRED.
. . Iimilo ezingaqhelekanga kunye nobukhulu babo kumzobo wezakwimifanekiso kuphela kwaye ungahambelani nemimandla.
I-Trestlucent Inf ekhulelwe yi-CVD ngaphambili idluliselwe kwindawo engenanto kwaye isetyenziswe kwiiseli zelanga15,16. Ukusebenza kwamandla amandla okuguqula (i-PCE) yi-1.5%. Ezi zi-NGF zenza imisebenzi emininzi enjengeendawo ezisebenzayo, ezihlawulelwayo zezothutho, kunye ne-Electrodes15,16. Nangona kunjalo, ifilimu yegrafiti ayifani. Uncedo oluthe kratya luyimfuneko ngokulawula ngenyameko ukunganyangeki kwephepha kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-elektroni yegraphiriya, kuba ezi mpawu zimbini zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ukubaluleka kwe-PCE15,16. Ngokwesiqhelo, iifilimu zesibelene zingama-97.7% ebonakalayo kwisibane esibonakalayo, kodwa sinokuchasana nephepha le-200-3000 yee-OHMS / sq.16. Ukuxhathisa ngaphezulu kweefilimu zeGraine kunokuncitshiswa ngokwandisa inani leendawo (ukudluliselwa kwezinto ezininzi zeGraphene) kunye ne-Hno3 (~ 30 ohm / sq.) 66. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ithatha ixesha elide kwaye iileyile ezahlukeneyo zokudlulisela azihlali zigcina unxibelelwano oluhle. Icala lethu langaphambili le-NGF linepropathi efana nokuphumelela ngo-2000 S / CM, imakhishithi yefilimu 50 I-OHM / SQ. kwaye i-62% i-62%, iyenza le ndlela inokwenzeka yeendlela ezisebenzayo okanye ii-countertrode kwiiseli zelanga15,16.
Nangona isakhiwo kunye ne-chemistry yekhemistri ye-BS-ntf iyafana ne-FS-NGF, i-rought yayo yahlukile ("ukukhula kwayo (" ukukhula kwe-FS-ns-gf "). Ngaphambili, sasebenzisa i-ultra-film picture22 njengenzwa yegesi. Ke ngoko, sivavanye ukubakho kokusebenzisa i-Bs-ngf kwimisebenzi yezondlo kwigesi (umzobo Si10). Izahlulo zokuqala, i-MM2 ye-BS-NGF idluliselwe kwi-Extrigu Station i-Elersor Sensor chip (umzobo SI10-C). Iinkcukacha zemveliso ze-chip zambizwa ngaphambili; Indawo yayo enobuthathaka esebenzayo yi-9 mm267. Kwimifanekiso ye-SM (Umzobo Si10b no-C), i-Electrode yegolide ebonakalayo ibonakala ngokucacileyo nge-NGF. Kwakhona, inokubonwa ukuba ukugubungela i-chip efanayo kwafezekiswa kuzo zonke iisampulu. Imilinganiselo yemizuzu yegesi yeegesi ezahlukeneyo zarekhodwa (fig. I-SI11) kunye namaxabiso okuphendula abonakaliswa ngamakhiwane. Si10g. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba nezinye iigesi eziphazamisayo zibandakanya i-SO2 (i-200 PPM), i-H2 (2%), i-CHM), CO2 (2%), i-H20) kunye ne-NHM). Isizathu esinye esinokwenzeka asiyo2. Uhlobo lwe-electrophilic uhlobo lwegesi22,68. Xa ikhutshiwe kumphezulu we-raphene, inciphisa ukufunxa kwee-elektroni yinkqubo. Ukuthelekisa kwedatha yexesha lokuphendula kwe-BS-NGF yesosi senzwane ebekiweyo sichazwe kwitheyibhile i2. Indlela yokuphinda isebenze i-NGF isebenzisa i-UV Plasma, o3 iplasma okanye i-thermal (50-150 (50-150 (50-150 ° C) Ukulawulwa kweesampulu eziveze kuyaqhubeka, kulandelwe ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezifakelweyo.
Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-CVD, ukukhula kwediphemi kwenzeka kumacala omabini e-Catalyst41. Nangona kunjalo, i-Bs-Graphene idla ngokukhutshwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokudluliselwa41. Kolu phononongo, sibonisa ukuba ukukhula okusemgangathweni kwi-NGP kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-POLREmer-yasimahla kuya kufezekiswa kumacala omabini enkxaso yenkani. I-BS-gf i-tinner (~ 80 NM) kune-FS-NGF (~ 100 NM), kwaye lo mahluko ucacisiwe yinyani yokuba i-BS-NI ingaboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI ayivezi ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI ingaboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI engabonisi ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI engabonisi ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI ingaboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI ingaboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI ingaboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI engachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI ingaboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI engachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo kwi-BS-NI engakhange ivezwe ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo yokuhamba kwegesi. Sifumanise ukuba ubushushu bemigangatho yeziqwenga bunefuthe kwi-NGF. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-FS-NGF ye-FS-NGF inokusetyenziswa njengempahla yangaphambili yegrafune (ngendlela yokuhambisa i-10) okanye njengejelo elisebenzayo kwiiseli zelanga .,16. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-BS-NGF iya kusetyenziselwa ukubhaqwa kwegesi (i-SIG. I-Si9) kwaye kungenzeka ukuba iinkqubo zokugcina amandla71,72 apho ubuqhetseba buya kuba luncedo.
Ukujonga oku kungasentla, kubalulekile ukudibanisa umsebenzi wangoku ngefilimu eprite ye-graphy epakishwe yi-CVD kwaye usebenzisa i-nickel foil. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 2, iingcinezelo eziphezulu ebesizisebenzisileyo zinqamleze ixesha lokuphendula (inqanaba lokukhula) nokuba ngamaqondo obushushu aphantsi (kuluhlu lwe-850-1300 ° C). Siphinde safumana ukukhula okukhulu kunesiqhelo, sibonisa amandla okukhula. Kukho ezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe, ezinye zazo sibandakanyiwe etafileni.
Inqanaba eliphezulu elinamacala aphezulu e-NGF ikhulile kwi-nickel foil nge-catalytic cvd. Ngokuphelisa i-polymer yemveli (efana nezo zisetyenziswa kwi-CVD Graphene), sifumana ukuhambisa okunamanzi acocekileyo kwaye sikhule kwi-NGF kwi-NGFL FOIL) kwiindidi zenkqubo. Ngokukodwa, i-NGF ibandakanya imimandla ye-plg kunye ne-MLG (i-0.1% ukuya kwi-3% nge-100 μm2) edityaniswe kakuhle kwifilimu emfubeni. I-Colar ibonisa ukuba le mimandla iqulathe izitavu ezibini ukuya kwezintathu / amasuntswana eGraphene (i-crystane okanye ii-rystals okanye iileyiti), ezinye zazo. Imimandla ye-PlG kunye neMLG inoxanduva lokungafihli i-FS-NGF ukuya kukhanya okubonakalayo. Ngokuphathelele amaphepha angasemva, banokufakwa ngokuhambelana namaphepha-phepha angaphambili kwaye, njengoko kubonisiwe, kunokuba nenjongo yokusebenza (umzekelo, ukuze kufunyenwe igesi). Ezi zifundo ziluncedo kakhulu ekunciphiseni inkunkuma kunye neendleko kwiinkqubo zeCVD zeShishini.
Ngokubanzi, ububanzi be-CVD ye-CVD bubufike phakathi (i-Mericial-Yerieder) iGraphene yeGraphene kunye neMizi-mveliso (Micrometer). Uluhlu lwepropathi yabo enomdla, idityaniswe nendlela elula esiyiphuhlisile kwimveliso yabo kunye nezothutho, yenza ukuba ezi filimu zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwegrafu, ngaphandle kweendleko zemveliso yobuchule obusetyenziswayo ngoku.
I-25 -μm-μm-μm-thckel foil (99,5% icocekile, i-Ich yaseMoousser) ifakwe kwi-CVD ye-CVD ye-CVD (i-Aixtran 4-Inch Bmpro). Le nkqubo yahlanjululwa nge-Argon yaza yafudukela kwi-Ivared yoxinzelelo lwe-10-3 Mbar. Emva koko i-nikel foil yabekwa. kwi-AR / H2 (emva kokufumana i-° i-5 min, i-foil yafunyanwa yi-500 ye-MBAR3) kwi-500 ° C.
I-morphology yomphezulu yesampulu yabekwa kwi-SEM isebenzisa i-Miness Musin Musin (1 kv, 50 pa). Isampulu ye-ratity kunye nobunzima be-NGF balinganiswa besebenzisa i-AFM (ubukhulu i icon, i-bruck). Imilinganiselo ye-tene nemilinganiselo ye-ther yenziwa isebenzisa i-feti titan 80-300 ye-migescope ye-migeth exhotywe nge-gun yokuqaqamba okuphezulu. Isisombululo sendawo 0.09 nm. Iisampulu ze-NGF zidluliselwe kwi-carbon lacy yegrives yoshicilelo lokulinganisa ingcinga kunye nohlalutyo lwesakhiwo. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwee-floc zesampulu zinqunyanyisiwe kwi-pores ye-membrane exhasayo. Iisampulu ze-NGF ezitshintshiweyo zahlalutywa yi-XRR. Iipateni ze-X-ray dissolraction zafunyanwa zisebenzisa i-powder ye-rickiccract ye-rifcractter (i-Brucker, i-DUFRE ye-shifter yomthombo we-cu kcy, 1.5418 å kunye ne-lynxee isebenzisa ububanzi be-3 mm.
Imilinganiselo emininzi yeRaman irekhodiweyo isetyenziswa ngokudibanisa imicroscope yeConnocal (Alfa 300 ra, ye-Wic). I-532 NM lase-GEM kunye namandla ochulumanco ephantsi (25%) yayisetyenziselwa ukuphepha iziphumo ezibiwe. I-X-ray fotoclelelectroscoptroscopy (xp) yenziwa kwi-kratos axis istrameter ngaphezulu kwe-30 × 700 μm2 ifunyenwe kumandla e-160 i-EV kunye ne-20 eV2 ye-EV, ngokwahlukeneyo. Iisampulu ze-NGF zidluliselwe kwi-sio2 zinqunyulwe zibe ziziqwenga (3 × 10 nganye) zisebenzisa i-Pls6MW (1.06 μm) i-Wored Wiber ye-Ytterium nge-Yttering Plascope i-Microscope. Iimvavanyo zoMbane kunye neeHolo zeZimilo zenziwa kwezi zisampulu ze-300 k kunye nokwahluka kwendawo ye-± ye-± ye-± ye-± ye-properties (PPMSOOLY-II, Uyilo lweQundla, i-USA). Ukudluliselwa kwe-UV-Vis Spectra irekhodwe kusetyenziswa i-lattlama 950 UV-Visphototometer kwi-350-800 nm ye-NGF idluliselwe kwiisampulu kunye neesampulu zereferensi ze-quartz.
Isixhobo sokuchasana nemichiza (i-electrode ye-electrode) yayikhutshelwe iBhodi yeSekethe engama-73 kwaye ukuxhathisa kwaqhutywa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo apho isixhobo sithethwe khona iqhagamshelwe kwindawo yoqhakamshelwano kwaye ifakwe ngaphakathi kwelona gumbi lokujonga igesi 7. Igumbi laqala ukucocwa ngokuhlambulula nge-nitrogen nge-200 cm3 ngeyure enye ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kwabo bonke abanye abahlaziyo kwigumbi, kubandakanya ukufuma. Umntu ngamnye uhlalutyiweyo emva koko wakhululwa kancinci kwigumbi lokuqhutywa kwenqanaba le-200 cm3 ngokuvalela i-N2 isilinda.
Inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yeli nqaku ipapashiwe kwaye inokufikelelwa kwikhonkco phezulu kwinqaku.
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I-Pearson, i-HO HEATBON yekhabhoni, igrafu, idayimane kunye ne-dilllerenes: Iipropathi, ukulungisa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ushicilelo lokuqala luhleliwe. 1994, iJersey entsha.
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I-cheng ky, i-brown pw kunye ne-cahill dg yokuqhubela phambili kweefilimu zegrafu kwi-NI (111) ngeqondo lemichiza eliphantsi. isihlomelo. Mat. Isinxibelelanisi se-3, 16 (2016).
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