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N'ọrụ a, e ji usoro dị mfe ma dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi mepụta ngwakọta rGO/nZVI maka oge mbụ site na iji usoro dị mfe ma dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji Sophora odo akwụkwọ ewepụtara dị ka ihe na-ebelata ihe na ihe na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike iji rube isi n'ụkpụrụ nke kemịkalụ "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ", dị ka njikọta kemịkalụ na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. E jirila ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ iji kwado njikọta nke ngwakọta na-aga nke ọma, dị ka SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, na zeta potential, nke na-egosi mmepụta ngwakọta na-aga nke ọma. A tụnyere ikike mwepụ nke ngwakọta ọhụrụ na nZVI dị ọcha na nxvidite dị iche iche nke doxycycline ọgwụ nje iji nyochaa mmetụta synergistic dị n'etiti rGO na nZVI. N'okpuru ọnọdụ mwepụ nke 25mg L-1, 25°C na 0.05g, ọnụego mwepụ adsorptive nke nZVI dị ọcha bụ 90%, ebe ọnụego mwepụ adsorptive nke doxycycline site na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI ruru 94.6%, na-akwado na nZVI na rGO. Usoro nnabata ahụ kwekọrọ na usoro pseudo-second ma kwekọọ na ụdị Freundlich nwere ikike nnabata kachasị elu nke 31.61 mg g-1 na 25 °C na pH 7. Atụpụtala usoro ezi uche dị na ya maka iwepụ DC. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI mee ihe ọzọ 60% mgbe usoro mmeghari ohuru isii gasịrị.
Ụkọ mmiri na mmetọ bụzi ihe iyi egwu dị ukwuu nye mba niile. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmetọ mmiri, karịsịa mmetọ ọgwụ nje, amụbaala n'ihi mmụba nke mmepụta na oriri n'oge ọrịa COVID-191,2,3. Ya mere, mmepe nke teknụzụ dị irè maka iwepụ ọgwụ nje na mmiri mkpofu bụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa.
Otu n'ime ọgwụ nje ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ semi-synthetic sitere na otu tetracycline bụ doxycycline (DC)4,5. Akọpụtala na a pụghị ime ka ihe fọdụrụ DC dị na mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu mmiri ghara ịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, naanị pasentị 20-50 ka a na-eme ka ihe fọdụrụ dị na ya ghara ịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike6.
Ikpughe na DC n'ọkwa dị ala nwere ike igbu nje ndị na-emepụta fotosynthesis n'ime mmiri, na-eyi mgbasa nke nje bacteria na-egbu nje egwu, ma na-eme ka iguzogide nje dịkwuo elu, yabụ a ga-ewepụ ihe ruru unyi a na mmiri mkpofu. Mmebi eke nke DC n'ime mmiri bụ usoro dị nwayọ. Usoro physico-chemical dị ka photolysis, biodegradation na adsorption nwere ike imebi naanị na obere mkpokọta na na obere ọnụego7,8. Agbanyeghị, ụzọ kachasị dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe, dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi, dị mfe ijikwa na nke dị irè bụ adsorption9,10.
Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) bụ ihe dị ike nke nwere ike iwepụ ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje na mmiri, gụnyere metronidazole, diazepam, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, na tetracycline. Ike a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị dị ịtụnanya nke nZVI nwere, dịka nnukwu mmeghachi omume, nnukwu oke elu, na ọtụtụ ebe njikọ mpụga11. Agbanyeghị, nZVI na-enwekarị ike ịgbakọta na mmiri mmiri n'ihi ike van der Wells na nnukwu ihe ndọta, nke na-ebelata irè ya n'iwepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ n'ihi mmepụta nke oyi akwa oxide nke na-egbochi mmeghachi omume nke nZVI10,12. Enwere ike ibelata njikọta nke ihe ndị na-eme ka nZVI dị n'ime ahụ site na ịgbanwe elu ha na surfactants na polymers ma ọ bụ site na ijikọta ha na ihe ndị ọzọ nanomaterials n'ụdị ihe mejupụtara, nke egosila na ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma iji melite nkwụsi ike ha na gburugburu ebe obibi13,14.
Graphene bụ ihe eji emepụta nano carbon nwere akụkụ abụọ nke nwere atọm carbon sp2-hybridized nke edobere n'ime eriri mmanụ aṅụ. O nwere nnukwu ebe elu, ike mekaniki dị mkpa, ọrụ electrocatalytic dị mma, ike okpomọkụ dị elu, ngagharị elektrọn ngwa ngwa, na ihe eji ebu ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji kwado nanoparticles inorganic n'elu ya. Nchikota nke nanoparticles metal na graphene nwere ike gafere uru nke ihe ọ bụla, n'ihi ihe onwunwe anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ ya dị elu, na-enye nkesa kacha mma nke nanoparticles maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri dị irè karịa15.
Ihe ndị e si n'osisi wepụta bụ ihe ọzọ kacha mma maka ọgwụ ndị na-ebelata kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịmepụta graphene oxide (rGO) na nZVI n'ihi na ha dị, ha dị ọnụ ala, otu nzọụkwụ, ha dịkwa nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dịka ihe ndị na-ebelata ihe. Dịka flavonoids na phenolic compounds na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe sie ike. Ya mere, ejiri ihe ewepụtara akwụkwọ Atriplex halimus L. mee ihe dị ka ihe ndozi na mmechi maka njikọta nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI na ọmụmụ ihe a. Atriplex halimus sitere na ezinụlọ Amaranthaceae bụ osisi na-eto eto nke na-ahụ nitrogen n'anya nke nwere oke ala dị iche iche16.
Dịka akwụkwọ ndị dịnụ si kwuo, e ji Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) mee ihe mbụ iji mee ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI dị ka ụzọ njikọta ego na nke na-adịghị ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ya mere, ebumnuche nke ọrụ a nwere akụkụ anọ: (1) phytosynthesis nke rGO/nZVI na ihe mejupụtara nZVI nne na nna site na iji ihe ewepụtara akwụkwọ mmiri nke A. halimus, (2) njirimara nke ihe mejupụtara phytosynthesized site na iji ọtụtụ ụzọ iji kwado mmepụta ha nke ọma, (3) ịmụ mmetụta synergistic nke rGO na nZVI na adsorption na iwepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke ọgwụ nje doxycycline n'okpuru paramita mmeghachi omume dị iche iche, melite ọnọdụ nke usoro adsorption, (3) nyochaa ihe mejupụtara na ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu mgbe usoro nhazi gasịrị.
Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC, MM = 480.90, usoro kemịkalụ C22H24N2O·HCl, 98%), iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 97%), ntụ graphite azụtara na Sigma-Aldrich, USA. E zụtara Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%) na hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) na Merck, USA. E zụtara NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MnCl2 na MgCl2 site na Tianjin Comio Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ihe niile e ji mee ihe dị ọcha nke nyocha. E jiri mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta ugboro abụọ kwadebe ihe ngwọta mmiri niile.
A chịkọtara ihe atụ ndị nnọchi anya nke A. halimus site na ebe obibi ha dị na Nile Delta na ala dị n'akụkụ osimiri Mediterenian nke Ijipt. A chịkọtara ihe ọkụkụ dịka ntuziaka mba na nke mba ụwa si dị. Prọfesọ Manal Fawzi achọpụtala ihe atụ osisi dịka Boulos18 si kwuo, Ngalaba Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mahadum Alexandria na-enyekwa ikike ịchịkọta ụdị osisi ndị a mụrụ maka ebumnuche sayensị. A na-edebe ihe nlele akwụkwọ ikike na Tanta University Herbarium (TANE), akwụkwọ ikike nọmba 14 122–14 127, ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze nke na-enye ohere ịnweta ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya. Na mgbakwunye, iji wepụ uzuzu ma ọ bụ unyi, bee akwụkwọ osisi ahụ n'ime obere iberibe, sachaa ugboro atọ na mmiri ọkpọkọ na mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta, wee kpọọ nkụ na 50°C. A gwepịara osisi ahụ, mikpuo 5 g nke ntụ ntụ dị nro na 100 ml nke mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta ma gwakọta ya na 70°C maka nkeji 20 iji nweta ihe a gwakọtara agwakọta. A na-asachapụ ihe e nwetara na Bacillus nicotianae site na akwụkwọ nzacha Whatman ma chekwaa ya na tube dị ọcha ma dị ọcha na sterilized na 4°C maka ojiji ọzọ.
Dịka egosiri na Foto 1, e ji ntụ graphite mee GO site na usoro Hummers agbanwere agbanwe. E kesara ntụ GO 10 mg na mmiri deionized 50 ml maka nkeji iri atọ n'okpuru sonication, wee gwakọta 0.9 g nke FeCl3 na 2.9 g nke NaAc maka nkeji iri isii. E tinyere 20 ml nke ihe ewepụtara n'akwụkwọ atriplex na mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta ma hapụ ya na okpomọkụ 80°C ruo awa asatọ. E tinyere ihe mkpuchi ojii ahụ. E ji ethanol na mmiri bidistille saa nanocomposites ndị a kwadebere wee kpọọ nkụ na oven vacuum na okpomọkụ 50°C ruo awa iri na abụọ.
Foto eserese na nke dijitalụ nke mmepụta akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexs na iwepụ ọgwụ nje DC na mmiri ruru unyi site na iji ihe Atriplex halimus extract.
N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, dịka egosiri na Fig. 1, etinyere 10 ml nke ihe ngwọta iron chloride nwere 0.05 M Fe3+ ions na mmiri mmiri 20 ml nke ihe ngwọta akwụkwọ ilu maka nkeji iri isii na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-akpali akpali nke ọma, wee tinye ihe ngwọta ahụ na centrifuge na 14,000 rpm (Hermle , 15,000 rpm) ruo nkeji iri na ise iji nye ihe ndị dị ka ojii, nke e mechara jiri ethanol na mmiri a gwakọtara agwakọta saa ugboro atọ wee kpọọ nkụ na oven vacuum na 60°C. n'abalị.
E ji usoro spectroscopy UV-visible (T70/T80 usoro UV/Vis spectrophotometers, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) mara ihe mejupụtara osisi rGO/nZVI na nZVI n'ogo nyocha nke 200-800 nm. Iji nyochaa ọdịdị ala na nkesa nha nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI na nZVI, ejiri TEM spectroscopy (JOEL, JEM-2100F, Japan, voltaji acceleration 200 kV) mee ihe. Iji nyochaa otu ọrụ ndị nwere ike itinye aka na ihe ndị sitere na osisi na-ahụ maka usoro mgbake na nkwụsi ike, emere FT-IR spectroscopy (JASCO spectrometer dị n'etiti 4000-600 cm-1). Na mgbakwunye, ejiri ihe nyocha zeta (Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern) mụọ ụgwọ elu nke ihe ndị mejupụtara nano. Maka nha ntụgharị X-ray nke ihe ndị e ji ntụ ntụ mee, e jiri X-ray diffractometer (X'PERT PRO, Netherlands) rụọ ọrụ na voltaji (40 mA), voltaji (45 kV) na oke 2θ site na 20° ruo 80° na radieshon CuKa1 (\(\lambda =\ ) 1.54056 Ao). Igwe spectrometer X-ray nke na-agbasa ike (EDX) (ụdị JEOL JSM-IT100) bụ maka ịmụ ihe mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara ihe mgbe ọ na-anakọta Al K-α monochromatic X-ray site na -10 ruo 1350 eV na XPS, nha ntụpọ 400 μm K-ALPHA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) ike nnyefe nke ụdị zuru oke bụ 200 eV na ụdị dị warara bụ 50 eV. A na-etinye ihe nlele ntụ ntụ ahụ na ihe njide ihe nlele, nke a na-etinye n'ime ụlọ ikuku. E jiri spectrum C 1 dị ka ntụaka na 284.58 eV iji chọpụta ike njikọ.
E mere nnwale adsorption iji nwalee irè nke nanocomposites rGO/nZVI a na-emepụta n'iwepụ doxycycline (DC) na mmiri mmiri. E mere nnwale adsorption na 25 ml nke Erlenmeyer flasks na ọsọ ịma jijiji nke 200 rpm na orbital shaker (Stuart, Orbital Shaker/SSL1) na 298 K. Site na ịgwakọta ngwọta DC stock (1000 ppm) na mmiri bidistilled. Iji nyochaa mmetụta nke dose rGO/nSVI na arụmọrụ adsorption, etinyere nanocomposites nke dị iche iche (0.01–0.07 g) na 20 ml nke ngwọta DC. Iji mụọ kinetics na adsorption isotherms, e mikpuru 0.05 g nke adsorbent na mmiri CD nwere ntinye mbụ (25–100 mg L–1). A mụrụ mmetụta nke pH na mwepụ nke DC na pH (3-11) na ntinye mbụ nke 50 mg L-1 na 25°C. Gbanwee pH nke sistemụ ahụ site na ịgbakwunye obere ego nke HCl ma ọ bụ NaOH solution (Crison pH mita, pH mita, pH 25). Na mgbakwunye, a nyochachara mmetụta nke okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume na nnwale adsorption na oke nke 25-55°C. A mụrụ mmetụta nke ike ionic na usoro adsorption site na ịgbakwunye ọtụtụ njupụta nke NaCl (0.01–4 mol L-1) na ntinye mbụ nke DC nke 50 mg L-1, pH 3 na 7), 25°C, na dose adsorbent nke 0.05 g. E jiri igwe onyonyo UV-Vis spectrophotometer dual beam (T70/T80 series, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) tụọ adsorption nke DC na-anaghị abanye n'ime ahụ nke nwere 1.0 cm ogologo ụzọ na ogologo ogologo kachasị (λmax) nke 270 na 350 nm. E jiri usoro a tụọ pasentị mwepụ nke ọgwụ nje DC (R%; Eq. 1) na ọnụọgụ adsorption nke DC, qt, Eq. 2 (mg/g).
ebe %R bụ ikike mwepụ DC (%), Co bụ ntinye DC mbụ n'oge 0, na C bụ ntinye DC n'oge t, n'otu n'otu (mg L-1).
ebe qe bụ ọnụọgụ DC a na-etinye n'ime otu oke nke ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya pụta ìhè (mg g-1), Co na Ce bụ mkpokọta n'oge efu na nguzozi, n'otu n'otu (mg l-1), V bụ olu ngwọta (l), na m bụ ihe na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya pụta ìhè (g).
Foto SEM (Foto 2A–C) na-egosi ọdịdị lamellar nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI yana obere ihe ndị na-eme ka ígwè gbaa gburugburu gbasaa n'elu ya, na-egosi njikọ nke ọma nke nZVI NPs na elu rGO. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ụfọdụ wrinkles na akwụkwọ rGO, na-akwado mwepụ nke otu ndị nwere oxygen n'otu oge na mweghachi nke A. halimus GO. Nnukwu wrinkles ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe maka ibu NPs ígwè na-arụ ọrụ. Foto nZVI (Foto 2D-F) gosiri na NPs ígwè gbara okirikiri gbasaara nke ukwuu ma ha agbakọtaghị, nke bụ n'ihi ọdịdị mkpuchi nke ihe ndị dị na osisi nke ihe ewepụtara. Nha nke ihe ndị ahụ dị iche iche n'ime 15–26 nm. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ mpaghara nwere ọdịdị mesoporous nwere nhazi nke bulges na cavities, nke nwere ike inye ikike adsorption dị elu nke nZVI, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke ijide molekul DC n'elu nZVI. Mgbe e jiri ihe e si na Rosa Damascus wepụta mee nZVI, NP ndị e nwetara enweghị otu, ha nwere oghere na ọdịdị dị iche iche, nke mere ka arụmọrụ ha belata na Cr(VI) adsorption ma mụbaa oge mmeghachi omume 23. Nsonaazụ ya kwekọrọ na nZVI e si na akwụkwọ osisi oak na mulberry mepụta, nke bụ nanoparticles gbara okirikiri nwere nha nanometer dị iche iche na-enweghị njikọta doro anya.
Foto SEM nke ngwakọta rGO/nZVI (AC), nZVI (D, E) na ụkpụrụ EDX nke ngwakọta nZVI/rGO (G) na nZVI (H).
E jiri EDX (Foto 2G, H) mụọ ihe mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI na nZVI nke osisi mepụtara. Ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na nZVI bụ carbon (38.29% site na oke), oxygen (47.41% site na oke) na iron (11.84% site na oke), mana ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka phosphorus24 dịkwa, nke enwere ike nweta site na ihe ndị sitere na osisi. Na mgbakwunye, pasentị dị elu nke carbon na oxygen bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke phytochemicals sitere na ihe ndị sitere na osisi na ihe nlele nZVI dị n'okpuru ala. A na-ekesa ihe ndị a n'otu aka ahụ na rGO mana n'ọkwa dị iche iche: C (39.16 wt %), O (46.98 wt %) na Fe (10.99 wt %), EDX rGO/nZVI na-egosikwa ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka S, nke enwere ike ijikọ ya na ihe ndị sitere na osisi, ka ejiri. Oke C:O na ọdịnaya ígwè dị ugbu a na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI site na iji A. halimus dị mma karịa iji ihe ewepụtara n'akwụkwọ eucalyptus, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta ihe mejupụtara C (23.44 wt.%), O (68.29 wt.%) na Fe (8.27 wt.%). wt %) 25. Nataša et al., 2022 kọrọ otu ihe mejupụtara nZVI nke e si n'akwụkwọ oak na mulberry mepụta ma kwado na otu polyphenol na molekul ndị ọzọ dị na ihe ewepụtara n'akwụkwọ bụ maka usoro mbelata ahụ.
Ọdịdị nke nZVI e ji osisi mepụta (Foto S2A,B) bụ okirikiri ma nwee obere mgbanwe, nkezi nha nke ihe dị ka 23.09 ± 3.54 nm, mana a hụrụ mkpokọta yinye n'ihi ike van der Waals na ferromagnetism. Ụdị ihe a dị oke nkọ na nke dị gburugburu kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ SEM. Abdelfatah et al. hụrụ ihe yiri nke ahụ na 2021 mgbe ejiri ihe a na-ewepụta akwụkwọ bean castor mee ihe na njikọ nke nZVI11. NPs nke Ruelas tuberosa nke e ji mee ihe dị ka ihe na-ebelata ihe na nZVI nwekwara ọdịdị gburugburu nwere dayameta nke 20 ruo 40 nm26.
Foto TEM mejupụtara rGO/nZVI (Foto S2C-D) gosiri na rGO bụ basal plane nwere mpịachi na wrinkles na-enye ọtụtụ ebe ibu maka nZVI NPs; ụdị lamellar a na-akwadokwa mmepụta rGO nke ọma. Na mgbakwunye, nZVI NPs nwere ọdịdị gburugburu nwere nha ihe dị iche iche site na 5.32 ruo 27 nm ma tinye ha na oyi akwa rGO yana mgbasa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu. Ejiri ihe ewepụtara akwụkwọ Eucalyptus mepụta Fe NPs/rGO; Nsonaazụ TEM gosikwara na wrinkles dị na oyi akwa rGO mere ka mgbasa nke Fe NPs dịkwuo mma karịa Fe NPs dị ọcha ma mụbaa mmeghachi omume nke ihe mejupụtara. Bagheri et al. 28 nwetara nsonaazụ ndị yiri ya mgbe ejiri usoro ultrasonic mepụta ihe mejupụtara ya na nha ígwè nanoparticle nkezi nke ihe dị ka 17.70 nm.
E gosiri spectra FTIR nke ngwakọta A. halimus, nZVI, GO, rGO, na rGO/nZVI na Fig. 3A. Ọnụọgụgụ nke otu ọrụ elu dị na akwụkwọ A. halimus pụtara na 3336 cm-1, nke kwekọrọ na polyphenols, na 1244 cm-1, nke kwekọrọ na otu carbonyl nke protein mepụtara. A hụkwara otu ndị ọzọ dị ka alkanes na 2918 cm-1, alkenes na 1647 cm-1 na ndọtị CO-O-CO na 1030 cm-1, na-egosi ọnụnọ nke ihe osisi ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mkpuchi ma na-ahụ maka mgbake site na Fe2+ ruo Fe0 na GO ruo rGO29. N'ozuzu, spectra nZVI na-egosi otu oke mmịpụta dị ka shuga ilu, mana ọ nwere obere ọnọdụ gbanwere. Njikọ siri ike na-apụta na 3244 cm-1 nke jikọtara ya na mkpọtụ OH (phenols), elu dị na 1615 kwekọrọ na C=C, eriri ndị dị na 1546 na 1011 cm-1 na-ebilite n'ihi ịgbatị nke C=O (polyphenols na flavonoids), a hụkwara otu CN nke amine aromatic na amine aliphatic na 1310 cm-1 na 1190 cm-1, n'otu n'otu13. FTIR spectrum nke GO na-egosi ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ otu nwere oxygen dị elu, gụnyere eriri alkoxy (CO) na 1041 cm-1, eriri epoxy (CO) na 1291 cm-1, eriri C=O. otu eriri nke C=C na-agbatị agbatị na 1619 cm-1, eriri dị na 1708 cm-1 na nnukwu eriri nke OH otu na-agbatị agbatị na 3384 cm-1 pụtara, nke usoro Hummers ka mma kwadoro, nke na-eme ka usoro graphite dị mma. Mgbe a na-atụnyere ngwakọta rGO na rGO/nZVI na spectra GO, ike nke ụfọdụ otu nwere oxygen, dị ka OH na 3270 cm-1, na-ebelata nke ukwuu, ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka C=O na 1729 cm-1, na-ebelata kpamkpam., na-egosi mwepụ nke otu ọrụ nwere oxygen na GO site na ihe ewepụtara A. halimus. A na-ahụ elu njirimara dị nkọ ọhụrụ nke rGO na nrụgide C=C gburugburu 1560 na 1405 cm-1, nke na-akwado mbelata nke GO na rGO. A hụrụ mgbanwe dị iche iche site na 1043 ruo 1015 cm-1 na site na 982 ruo 918 cm-1, ikekwe n'ihi ntinye nke ihe osisi31,32. Weng et al., 2018 hụkwara mbelata dị ukwuu nke otu ọrụ oxygen na GO, na-akwado nhazi rGO nke ọma site na bioreduction, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ewepụtara akwụkwọ eucalyptus, nke e ji mee ka ngwakọta iron graphene oxide belata, gosipụtara ụdị FTIR nke otu ọrụ ọrụ nke ihe osisi. 33.
A. FTIR spectrum nke gallium, nZVI, rGO, GO, composite rGO/nZVI (A). Roentgenogrammy composites rGO, GO, nZVI na rGO/nZVI (B).
E gosipụtara n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nhazi nke rGO/nZVI na nZVI site na ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi X-ray (Foto 3B). A hụrụ oke Fe0 dị elu na 2Ɵ 44.5°, nke kwekọrọ na index (110) (JCPDS nọmba 06–0696)11. A na-ekwu na oke ọzọ na 35.1° nke ụgbọelu (311) bụ magnetite Fe3O4, 63.2° nwere ike ijikọ ya na index Miller nke ụgbọelu (440) n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ϒ-FeOOH (JCPDS nọmba 17-0536)34. Usoro X-ray nke GO na-egosi oke dị nkọ na 2Ɵ 10.3° na elu ọzọ na 21.1°, na-egosi mwepụ zuru oke nke graphite ma na-egosipụta ọnụnọ nke otu ndị nwere oxygen n'elu GO35. Usoro ihe mejupụtara nke rGO na rGO/nZVI dekọrọ mfu nke elu GO njirimara na nhazi nke elu rGO sara mbara na 2Ɵ 22.17 na 24.7° maka ngwakọta rGO na rGO/nZVI, n'otu n'otu, nke kwadoro mgbake nke GO site na ihe ndị sitere na osisi. Agbanyeghị, na usoro ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI, a hụrụ elu ndị ọzọ metụtara lattice plane nke Fe0 (110) na bcc Fe0 (200) na 44.9\(^\circ\) na 65.22\(^\circ\), n'otu n'otu.
Ike zeta bụ ikike dị n'etiti oyi akwa ionic nke ejikọtara na elu nke ihe na mmiri mmiri nke na-ekpebi ihe onwunwe electrostatic nke ihe ma tụọ nkwụsi ike ya37. Nyocha ikike Zeta nke ihe mejupụtara nZVI, GO, na rGO/nZVI nke osisi mepụtara gosiri nkwụsi ike ha n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ụgwọ na-adịghị mma nke -20.8, -22, na -27.4 mV, n'otu n'otu, n'elu ha, dịka egosiri na Foto S1A-C. . Nsonaazụ ndị dị otú ahụ kwekọrọ na ọtụtụ akụkọ na-ekwu na ngwọta nwere ihe ndị nwere uru zeta erughị -25 mV na-egosikarị nnukwu nkwụsi ike n'ihi nrụgide electrostatic n'etiti ihe ndị a. Njikọta nke rGO na nZVI na-enye ohere ka ihe mejupụtara ahụ nweta ụgwọ na-adịghị mma karịa ma si otú a nwee nkwụsi ike karịa GO ma ọ bụ nZVI naanị. Ya mere, ihe omume nke mmeghachi omume electrostatic ga-eduga na nhazi nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI39 kwụsiri ike. Elu GO na-adịghị mma na-eme ka ọ gbasaa n'otu ebe n'ime mmiri na-enweghị njikọta, nke na-emepụta ọnọdụ dị mma maka mmekọrịta na nZVI. Enwere ike ijikọ ụgwọ adịghị mma na ọnụnọ nke otu ọrụ dị iche iche na ihe ewepụtara ilu melon, nke na-akwadokwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti GO na ihe ewepụtara ígwè na ihe ewepụtara osisi iji mepụta rGO na nZVI, n'otu n'otu, na ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI. Ngwakọta osisi ndị a nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mkpuchi, ebe ha na-egbochi nchịkọta nke nanoparticles ndị na-esi na ya pụta ma si otú a mee ka nkwụsi ike ha dịkwuo elu40.
E jiri XPS chọpụta nhazi ihe mejupụtara nZVI na rGO/nZVI (Foto 4). Ọmụmụ XPS niile gosiri na nhazi rGO/nZVI bụ isi ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị dị na C, O, na Fe, nke kwekọrọ na nhazi EDS (Foto 4F–H). Usoro C1s nwere oke atọ na 284.59 eV, 286.21 eV na 288.21 eV nke na-anọchite anya CC, CO na C=O, n'otu n'otu. E kewara ụdị O1s n'ime oke atọ, gụnyere 531.17 eV, 532.97 eV, na 535.45 eV, nke e kenyere na otu O=CO, CO, na NO, n'otu n'otu. Agbanyeghị, oke dị na 710.43, 714.57 na 724.79 eV na-ezo aka na Fe 2p3/2, Fe+3 na Fe p1/2, n'otu n'otu. Nlele XPS nke nZVI (Foto 4C-E) gosiri oke maka ihe ndị dị na C, O, na Fe. Oke kachasị elu na 284.77, 286.25, na 287.62 eV na-egosi ọnụnọ nke alloys iron-carbon, dịka ha na-ezo aka na CC, C-OH, na CO, n'otu n'otu. Oke kachasị elu nke O1s kwekọrọ na oke atọ nke C–O/iron carbonate (531.19 eV), hydroxyl radical (532.4 eV) na O–C=O (533.47 eV). A na-ekwu na oke kachasị elu nke 719.6 bụ Fe0, ebe FeOOH na-egosi oke kachasị elu na 717.3 na 723.7 eV, na mgbakwunye, oke kachasị elu na 725.8 eV na-egosi ọnụnọ nke Fe2O342.43.
Ọmụmụ XPS nke ngwakọta nZVI na rGO/nZVI, n'otu n'otu (A, B). Nkọwa zuru oke nke ngwakọta nZVI C1s (C), Fe2p (D), na O1s (E) na rGO/nZVI C1s (F), Fe2p (G), ngwakọta O1s (H).
N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm (Foto 5A, B) na-egosi na ihe mejupụtara nZVI na rGO/nZVI bụ nke ụdị II. Na mgbakwunye, mpaghara elu kpọmkwem (SBET) nke nZVI mụbara site na 47.4549 ruo 152.52 m2/g mgbe rGO kpuchiri ya. Enwere ike ịkọwa nsonaazụ a site na mbelata na njirimara magnetik nke nZVI mgbe rGO kpuchiri ya, si otú a na-ebelata mkpokọta ihe ma na-amụba mpaghara elu nke ihe mejupụtara ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, dịka egosiri na Fig. 5C, olu oghere (8.94 nm) nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI dị elu karịa nke nZVI mbụ (2.873 nm). Nsonaazụ a kwekọrọ na El-Monaem et al. 45.
Iji nyochaa ikike mmịpụta iji wepụ DC n'etiti ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI na nZVI mbụ dabere na mmụba na mmịpụta mbụ, e mere ntụnyere site na ịgbakwunye dose mgbe niile nke ihe mmịpụta ọ bụla (0.05 g) na DC na mmịpụta mbụ dị iche iche. Ngwọta nyochachara [25]. –100 mg l–1] na 25°C. Nsonaazụ gosiri na arụmọrụ mwepụ (94.6%) nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI dị elu karịa nke nZVI mbụ (90%) na mmịpụta dị ala (25 mg L-1). Agbanyeghị, mgbe amụbawanye mmịpụta mmalite ruo 100 mg L-1, arụmọrụ mwepụ nke rGO/nZVI na nZVI nne na nna dara ruo 70% na 65%, n'otu n'otu (Foto 6A), nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi obere ebe na-arụ ọrụ na mmebi nke ihe mejupụtara nZVI. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, rGO/nZVI gosipụtara arụmọrụ dị elu nke mwepụ DC, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta synergistic n'etiti rGO na nZVI, ebe ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ siri ike dị maka nnabata dị elu karịa, na n'ihe gbasara rGO/nZVI, enwere ike itinye DC karịa nZVI na-adịghị emebi emebi. Na mgbakwunye, na fig. 6B na-egosi na ikike nnabata nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI na nZVI mụbara site na 9.4 mg/g ruo 30 mg/g na 9 mg/g, n'otu n'otu, yana mmụba na ntinye mbụ site na 25–100 mg/L. -1.1 ruo 28.73 mg g-1. Ya mere, ọnụego mwepụ DC nwere njikọ na-adịghị mma na ntinye DC mbụ, nke bụ n'ihi ọnụọgụgụ ebe mmeghachi omume pere mpe nke onye na-anabata ọ bụla na-akwado maka nnabata na iwepụ DC na ngwọta. Ya mere, a pụrụ ikwubi site na nsonaazụ ndị a na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI nwere arụmọrụ dị elu nke nnabata na mbelata, a pụkwara iji rGO dị na nhazi nke rGO/nZVI ma dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị nro ma dị ka ihe na-ebu ibu.
Arụmọrụ mwepụ na ikike nnabata DC maka ngwakọta rGO/nZVI na nZVI bụ (A, B) [Co = 25 mg l-1–100 mg l-1, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g], pH. na ikike nnabata na arụmọrụ mwepụ DC na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI (C) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 3–11, T = 25°C, dose = 0.05 g].
pH ngwọta bụ ihe dị oke mkpa n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro adsorption, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-emetụta ogo ionization, speciation, na ionization nke adsorbent. Emere nnwale ahụ na 25°C site na dose adsorbent na-adịgide adịgide (0.05 g) na ntinye mbụ nke 50 mg L-1 na oke pH (3-11). Dịka nyocha akwụkwọ 46 si kwuo, DC bụ molekul amphiphilic nwere ọtụtụ otu ọrụ ionizable (phenols, amino groups, alcohols) na ọkwa pH dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, ọrụ dị iche iche nke DC na usoro ndị metụtara ya n'elu ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI nwere ike imekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ electrostatic ma nwee ike ịdị ka cations, zwitterions, na anions, molekul DC dị ka cationic (DCH3+) na pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 na anionic (DCH− ma ọ bụ DC2−) na PH 7.7. N'ihi ya, ọrụ dị iche iche nke DC na usoro ndị metụtara ya n'elu ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI nwere ike imekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ electrostatic ma nwee ike ịdị dị ka cations, zwitterions, na anions, molekul DC dị dị ka cationic (DCH3+) na pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 na anionic (DCH- ma ọ bụ DC2-) na PH 7.7. В результате различные функции ДК и связанных с ними структур эlektrostatychesky na mohut существовать в виде катов, витер-иов и аниоnov, molekula ДК сус скачать видео - (DCH3+) pH <3,3, цвитер-ионный (DCH20) 3,3
E mere mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na mmịpụta nke mmiri mmiri nke DC na (25–55°C). Foto 7A na-egosi mmetụta nke mmụba okpomọkụ na arụmọrụ mwepụ nke ọgwụ nje DC na rGO/nZVI, o doro anya na ikike mwepụ na ikike mmịpụta mụbara site na 83.44% na 13.9 mg/g ruo 47% na 7.83 mg/g., n'otu n'otu. Mbelata dị ukwuu a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba na ike okpomọkụ nke ion DC, nke na-eduga na mmịpụta47.
Mmetụta nke Okpomọkụ na Mwepụ Arụmọrụ na Ike Mbupụ nke CD na rGO/nZVI Composites (A) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, Dose = 0.05 g], Dose Adsorbent na Mwepụ Arụmọrụ na Mwepụ Arụmọrụ nke CD Mmetụta nke Mbupụ Ntinye Aka na Ike Mbupụ na Mmezi nke Mwepụ DC na rGO/nSVI composite (B) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25°C] (C, D) [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g].
Mmetụta nke ịbawanye dose nke rGO/nZVI nke mejupụtara ihe na-anabata ihe site na 0.01 g ruo 0.07 g na arụmọrụ mwepụ na ikike nnabata na Fig. 7B. Mmụba na dose nke ihe na-anabata ihe butere mbelata na ikike nnabata site na 33.43 mg/g ruo 6.74 mg/g. Agbanyeghị, na mmụba na dose nke ihe na-anabata ihe site na 0.01 g ruo 0.07 g, arụmọrụ mwepụ ahụ na-abawanye site na 66.8% ruo 96%, nke, n'ihi ya, nwere ike ijikọ ya na mmụba na ọnụọgụ ebe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na elu nanocomposite.
A mụrụ mmetụta nke ntinye mbụ na ikike ntinye na arụmọrụ mwepụ [25–100 mg L-1, 25°C, pH 7, dose 0.05 g]. Mgbe e mụbara ntinye mbụ site na 25 mg L-1 ruo 100 mg L-1, pasent mwepụ nke ngwakọta rGO/nZVI belatara site na 94.6% ruo 65% (Foto 7C), ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ebe ndị a chọrọ. . Na-etinye nnukwu ntinye nke DC49. N'aka nke ọzọ, ka ntinye mbụ mụbara, ikike ntinye ahụ mụbara site na 9.4 mg/g ruo 30 mg/g ruo mgbe e ruru nguzozi (Foto 7D). Mmeghachi omume a na-apụghị izere ezere bụ n'ihi mmụba na ike ịnya isi na ntinye DC mbụ karịrị nguzogide mbufe ion DC iji ruo elu 50 nke ngwakọta rGO/nZVI.
Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara oge kọntaktị na kinetic na-achọ ịghọta oge nhazi nke nnabata. Nke mbụ, ọnụọgụ DC a na-etinye n'ime nkeji iri anọ mbụ nke oge kọntaktị bụ ihe dị ka ọkara nke mkpokọta ego a na-etinye n'ime oge niile (nkeji 100). Ọ bụ ezie na mkpụrụ ndụ DC dị na ngwọta na-akụkọ ọnụ na-eme ka ha kwaga ngwa ngwa na elu nke ihe mejupụtara rGO/nZVI nke na-ebute nnabata dị ukwuu. Mgbe nkeji iri anọ gasịrị, nnabata DC mụbara nwayọ nwayọ na nwayọ ruo mgbe e ruru nguzozi mgbe nkeji iri isii gasịrị (Foto 7D). Ebe ọ bụ na a na-etinye ọnụọgụ ezi uche n'ime nkeji iri anọ mbụ, a ga-enwe obere nkpọkọ na mkpụrụ ndụ DC na obere ebe na-arụ ọrụ ga-adị maka mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-anaghị anabata. Ya mere, enwere ike ibelata ọnụego nnabata51.
Iji ghọta nke ọma gbasara usoro adsorption, e jiri usoro ahịrị nke usoro mbụ pseudo (Foto 8A), usoro nke abụọ pseudo (Foto 8B), na Elovich (Foto 8C) kinetic models. Site na paramita ndị e nwetara site na ọmụmụ kinetic (Tebụl S1), ọ na-edo anya na ụdị pseudosecond bụ ụdị kacha mma maka ịkọwa kinetics adsorption, ebe a na-edozi uru R2 karịa na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ. E nwekwara myirịta dị n'etiti ikike adsorption agbakọrọ (qe, cal). Usoro pseudo-second na ụkpụrụ nnwale (qe, exp.) bụ ihe akaebe ọzọ na usoro pseudo-second bụ ụdị ka mma karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ. Dịka egosiri na Tebụl 1, ụkpụrụ nke α (ọnụego adsorption mbụ) na β (nkwanye mwepụ) na-akwado na ọnụego adsorption dị elu karịa ọnụego desorption, na-egosi na DC na-achọkarị adsorption nke ọma na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI52. .
Usoro kinetic adsorption nke usoro pseudo-second (A), usoro pseudo-first (B) na Elovich (C) [Co = 25–100 mg l–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g].
Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara isotherms adsorption na-enyere aka ịchọpụta ikike adsorption nke adsorbent (RGO/nRVI composite) na ọtụtụ njupụta adsorbate (DC) na okpomọkụ sistemụ. E jiri isotherm Langmuir gbakọọ ikike adsorption kachasị, nke gosiri na adsorption ahụ yiri otu ma gụnye nhazi nke monolayer adsorbent n'elu adsorbent na-enweghị mmekọrịta n'etiti ha53. Ụdị isotherm abụọ ndị ọzọ ejiri mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe bụ ụdị Freundlich na Temkin. Ọ bụ ezie na anaghị eji ụdị Freundlich agbakọ ikike adsorption, ọ na-enyere aka ịghọta usoro adsorption dị iche iche na oghere ndị dị na adsorbent nwere ike dị iche iche, ebe ụdị Temkin na-enyere aka ịghọta ihe anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ nke adsorption54.
Foto 9A-C na-egosi eserese ahịrị nke ụdị Langmuir, Freindlich, na Temkin, n'otu n'otu. Ụkpụrụ R2 nke agbakọrọ site na eserese ahịrị Freundlich (Fig. 9A) na Langmuir (Fig. 9B) ma gosipụta na Tebụl 2 na-egosi na ntinye DC na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI na-eso ụdị isotherm Freundlich (0.996) na Langmuir (0.988) na Temkin (0.985). Ike ntinye kachasị (qmax), nke agbakọrọ site na iji ụdị isotherm Langmuir, bụ 31.61 mg g-1. Na mgbakwunye, uru agbakọrọ nke ihe nkewa enweghị nha (RL) dị n'etiti 0 na 1 (0.097), na-egosi usoro ntinye dị mma. Ma ọ bụghị ya, mgbanwe Freundlich agbakọrọ (n = 2.756) na-egosi mmasị maka usoro ntinye a. Dịka ihe nlereanya ahịrị nke isotherm Temkin si dị (Foto 9C), ntinye nke DC na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI bụ usoro ntinye anụ ahụ, ebe b bụ ˂ 82 kJ mol-1 (0.408)55. Ọ bụ ezie na ike van der Waals adịghị ike na-abụkarị ihe na-akpata ntinye anụ ahụ, ntinye ugbu a kpọmkwem na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI chọrọ ike ntinye dị ala [56, 57].
Freundlich (A), Langmuir (B), na Temkin (C) isotherms adsorption linear [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g]. Nkọwa nke nha van't Hoff maka adsorption DC site na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI (D) [Co = 25–100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25–55 °C na dose = 0.05 g].
Iji nyochaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume na mwepụ DC site na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI, e jiri usoro nha anya gbakọọ paramita thermodynamic dị ka mgbanwe entropy (ΔS), mgbanwe enthalpy (ΔH), na mgbanwe ike efu (ΔG). 3 na 458.
ebe \({K}_{e}\)=\(\frac{{C}_{Ae}}{{C}_{e}}\) – mgbanwe nhazi thermodynamic, Ce na CAe – rGO na ngwọta, n'otu n'otu /nZVI DC n'ọkwa nhazi elu. R na RT bụ okpomọkụ gas na-agbanwe agbanwe na adsorption, n'otu n'otu. Nhazi ln Ke megide 1/T na-enye ahịrị kwụ ọtọ (Fig. 9D) nke enwere ike ịchọpụta ∆S na ∆H.
Uru ΔH na-adịghị mma na-egosi na usoro ahụ bụ exothermic. N'aka nke ọzọ, uru ΔH dị n'ime usoro nnabata anụ ahụ. Uru ΔG na-adịghị mma na Tebụl 3 na-egosi na nnabata ga-ekwe omume ma bụrụ nke na-enweghị ihe kpatara ya. Uru ΔS na-adịghị mma na-egosi usoro dị elu nke molekul adsorbent na njikọ mmiri mmiri (Tebụl 3).
Tebụl nke 4 na-atụnyere ngwakọta rGO/nZVI na ihe ndị ọzọ a kọrọ na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga. O doro anya na ngwakọta VGO/nCVI nwere ikike nnabata dị elu ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe na-ekwe nkwa maka iwepụ ọgwụ nje DC na mmiri. Na mgbakwunye, ntinye nke ngwakọta rGO/nZVI bụ usoro ngwa ngwa yana oge nhazi nke nkeji 60. Enwere ike ịkọwa njirimara adsorption dị mma nke ngwakọta rGO/nZVI site na mmetụta synergistic nke rGO na nZVI.
Foto 10A, B na-egosi usoro ezi uche dị na ya maka iwepụ ọgwụ nje DC site na rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes. Dịka nsonaazụ nke nnwale ndị e mere na mmetụta nke pH na arụmọrụ nke adsorption DC si dị, na mmụba na pH site na 3 ruo 7, adsorption DC na rGO/nZVI compound ejighị mmekọrịta electrostatic achịkwa, ebe ọ bụ na ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka zwitterion; ya mere, mgbanwe na uru pH emetụtaghị usoro adsorption. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, enwere ike ijikwa usoro adsorption site na mmekọrịta na-abụghị electrostatic dị ka njikọ hydrogen, mmetụta hydrophobic, na mmekọrịta stacking π-π n'etiti rGO/nZVI compound na DC66. A maara nke ọma na a kọwara usoro nke adsorbates aromatic n'elu graphene a kpụrụ akpụ site na mmekọrịta stacking π–π dị ka ike na-akpali isi. Ngwakọta ahụ bụ ihe dị larịị yiri graphene nwere oke absorption na 233 nm n'ihi mgbanwe π-π*. Dabere na ọnụnọ nke mgbanaka aromatic anọ na nhazi molekul nke DC adsorbate, anyị chere na enwere usoro nke mmekọrịta π-π-stacking n'etiti aromatic DC (π-electron acceptor) na mpaghara bara ụba na π-electrons n'elu RGO. /nZVI composites. Na mgbakwunye, dịka egosiri na fig. 10B, emere ọmụmụ FTIR iji mụọ mmekọrịta molekul nke rGO/nZVI composites na DC, na FTIR spectra nke rGO/nZVI composites mgbe DC adsorption gasịrị ka egosiri na Fig 10B. 10b. A hụrụ elu ọhụrụ na 2111 cm-1, nke kwekọrọ na vibration nke njikọ C=C, nke na-egosi ọnụnọ nke otu ọrụ organic kwekọrọ na elu nke 67 rGO/nZVI. Oke ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe site na 1561 gaa na 1548 cm-1 na site na 1399 gaa na 1360 cm-1, nke na-akwadokwa na mmekọrịta π-π na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmịpụta nke graphene na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ organic68,69. Mgbe mmịpụta DC gasịrị, ike nke ụfọdụ otu nwere oxygen, dị ka OH, belatara ruo 3270 cm-1, nke na-egosi na njikọ hydrogen bụ otu n'ime usoro mmịpụta. Ya mere, dabere na nsonaazụ ya, mmịpụta DC na ngwakọta rGO/nZVI na-emekarị n'ihi mmekọrịta π-π na njikọ H.
Usoro ezi uche dị na ya nke ịmịnye ọgwụ nje DC site na rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes (A). FTIR adsorption spectra nke DC na rGO/nZVI na nZVI (B).
Ike nke eriri nnabata nke nZVI na 3244, 1615, 1546, na 1011 cm–1 mụbara mgbe DC gbanyere nZVI (Foto 10B) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nZVI, nke kwesịrị ịdị na mmekọrịta ya na otu ọrụ nwere ike ịbụ nke otu carboxylic acid O na DC. Agbanyeghị, pasentị nnyefe a dị ala na eriri niile a hụrụ na-egosi enweghị mgbanwe dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ adsorption nke phytosynthetic adsorbent (nZVI) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nZVI tupu usoro adsorption. Dịka ụfọdụ nyocha mwepụ DC na nZVI71 si kwuo, mgbe nZVI meghachiri omume na H2O, a na-ahapụ elektrọn wee jiri H+ mepụta hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu. N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ ngwakọta cationic na-anabata elektrọn site na hydrogen na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-ebute -C=N na -C=C-, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nkewa nke mgbanaka benzene.
Oge ozi: Nọvemba-14-2022