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I roto i tēnei mahi, i hangaia ngā rauemi whakakotahi rGO/nZVI mō te wā tuatahi mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga māmā, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao mā te whakamahi i te tangohanga rau kōwhai o Sophora hei kaiwhakaiti me te whakau hei whakatutuki i ngā mātāpono o te matū "kakariki", pērā i te hanganga matū iti ake te kino. He maha ngā taputapu kua whakamahia hei whakamana i te hanganga angitu o ngā rauemi whakakotahi, pērā i te SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, me te pūmanawa zeta, e tohu ana i te hanganga rauemi whakakotahi angitu. I whakaritea te kaha tango o ngā rauemi whakakotahi hou me te nZVI parakore i ngā kukū tīmatanga rerekē o te doxycycline paturopi hei tirotiro i te pānga tahi i waenga i te rGO me te nZVI. I raro i ngā tikanga tango o te 25mg L-1, 25°C me te 0.05g, ko te tere tango mimiti o te nZVI parakore he 90%, ko te tere tango mimiti o te doxycycline e te rauemi whakakotahi rGO/nZVI i eke ki te 94.6%, e whakaū ana i te nZVI me te rGO. He rite te tukanga mimiti ki te raupapa hēkona rūpahu, ā, he rite tonu ki te tauira Freundlich me te kaha mimiti mōrahi o te 31.61 mg g-1 i te 25 °C me te pH 7. Kua whakaarohia he tikanga whaitake mō te tango i te DC. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakamahinga anō o te hiato rGO/nZVI he 60% i muri i ngā huringa whakaora e ono karapīpiti.
He tūmomo mōrearea nui te korenga o te wai me te parahanga ki ngā whenua katoa. I ngā tau tata nei, kua piki ake te parahanga o te wai, inā koa te parahanga o ngā paturopi, nā te pikinga o te whakaputanga me te whakamahinga i te wā o te mate urutā COVID-191,2,3. Nō reira, he mahi nui te whakawhanake i tētahi hangarau whai hua mō te whakakore i ngā paturopi i roto i te wai para.
Ko tētahi o ngā paturopi haurua-hanga ātete mai i te rōpū tetracycline ko te doxycycline (DC)4,5. Kua pūrongohia kāore e taea te whakapūngao i ngā toenga DC i roto i ngā wai whenua me ngā wai mata, 20-50% anake ka whakapūngaohia, ā, ko te toenga ka tukuna ki te taiao, ka puta he raruraru nui ki te taiao me te hauora6.
Mā te pānga ki te DC i ngā taumata iti ka taea te patu i ngā moroiti whakaahua wai, ka tūpono te horapa o ngā huakita paturopi, ka whakanui ake hoki i te ātete ki ngā paturopi, nō reira me tango atu tēnei poke i te wai para. He tino puhoi te tukanga pirau taiao o te DC i roto i te wai. Ko ngā tukanga ā-tinana-matū pēnei i te whakaahua-ā-tinana, te pirau koiora me te mimiti ka taea anake te pirau i ngā kukū iti me ngā tere tino iti7,8. Heoi, ko te tikanga tino ohanga, tino māmā, tino pai ki te taiao, ngāwari ki te whakahaere me te whai hua ko te mimiti9,10.
He rauemi tino kaha te rino nano kore-valent (nZVI) ka taea te tango i ngā paturopi maha mai i te wai, tae atu ki te metronidazole, diazepam, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, me te tetracycline. Nā ngā āhuatanga whakamiharo o nZVI tēnei kaha, pērā i te kaha tauhohenga teitei, te horahanga mata nui, me te maha o ngā pae here o waho11. Heoi, he ngāwari te whakakotahi o nZVI i roto i ngā pāpāho wai nā ngā kaha van der Wells me ngā āhuatanga aukume teitei, e whakaiti ana i tōna whai huatanga ki te tango i ngā poke nā te hanganga o ngā paparanga waikura e aukati ana i te kaha tauhohenga o nZVI10,12. Ka taea te whakaiti i te whakakotahitanga o ngā matūriki nZVI mā te whakarerekē i ō rātou mata ki ngā surfactants me ngā polymers, mā te whakakotahi rānei i a rātou me ētahi atu nanomaterials i roto i te ahua o ngā hiato, kua whakamātauhia he huarahi whai hua hei whakapai ake i tō rātou pumau i roto i te taiao13,14.
He rauemi nano waro-ahu rua te Graphene, he mea hanga mai i ngā ngota waro sp2-whakaranu kua whakaritea ki roto i te whatunga honikoma. He nui te horahanga o te mata, he kaha miihini nui, he pai te mahi hiko-whakakorikori, he nui te kawe wera, he tere te nekenekehanga irahiko, ā, he rauemi kawe tika hei tautoko i ngā matūriki waro-kore i runga i tōna mata. Ka taea e te whakakotahitanga o ngā matūriki whakarewa me te graphene te nui ake i ngā painga takitahi o ia rauemi, ā, nā ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū pai rawa atu, ka whakaratohia he tohatoha pai o ngā matūriki waro mō te maimoatanga wai pai ake15.
Ko ngā tangohanga tipu te huarahi pai rawa atu hei whakakapi i ngā matū whakaiti kino e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga o te waikura graphene whakaiti (rGO) me te nZVI nā te mea he wātea, he iti te utu, he kotahi te taahiraa, he haumaru mō te taiao, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei tangohanga. pērā i ngā flavonoid me ngā pūhui phenolic he mea whakau anō hoki. Nō reira, i whakamahia te tangohanga rau Atriplex halimus L. hei mea whakatika me te kati mō te hanga o ngā rauemi rGO/nZVI i roto i tēnei rangahau. Ko te Atriplex halimus nō te whānau Amaranthaceae he rakau iti e aroha ana ki te hauota me te whānuitanga whenua whānui16.
E ai ki ngā tuhinga e wātea ana, i whakamahia tuatahitia te Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) hei hanga i ngā hiato rGO/nZVI hei tikanga hanga ohanga me te taiao. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei mahi e whā ngā wāhanga: (1) te hanga matū o te rGO/nZVI me ngā hiato mātua nZVI mā te whakamahi i te tango rau wai o A. halimus, (2) te whakaahua i ngā hiato kua hanga matū mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga maha hei whakaū i tō rātou hanganga angitu, (3) te ako i te pānga tahi o te rGO me te nZVI i roto i te mimiti me te tango i ngā poke waro o ngā paturopi doxycycline i raro i ngā tawhā tauhohenga rerekē, te arotau i ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga mimiti, (3) te tirotiro i ngā rauemi hiato i roto i ngā maimoatanga tonu i muri i te huringa tukatuka.
Ko te Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC, MM = 480.90, te tātai matū C22H24N2O·HCl, 98%), te rino chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 97%), te paura graphite i hokona mai i Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Ko te konutai hauwai (NaOH, 97%), te etanoru (C2H5OH, 99.9%) me te waikawa hauwai (HCl, 37%) i hokona mai i Merck, USA. Ko te NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MnCl2 me te MgCl2 i hokona mai i Tianjin Comio Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. He tino parakore ngā matū tātari katoa. I whakamahia te wai whakapūkara rua hei whakarite i ngā otinga wai katoa.
Kua kohia ngā tauira māngai o A. halimus mai i tō rātou kāinga tūturu i te awa o te Nile, ā, kei te taha o te takutai moana o Ihipa. I kohia ngā rauemi tipu i runga anō i ngā aratohu ā-motu me te ao e tika ana17. Kua tautuhia e Ahorangi Manal Fawzi ngā tauira tipu e ai ki a Boulos18, ā, kua whakamanahia e te Tari Pūtaiao Taiao o Te Whare Wānanga o Alexandria te kohikohinga o ngā momo tipu kua akohia mō ngā kaupapa pūtaiao. Kei te Tanta University Herbarium (TANE) ngā tiikiti tauira, nama tiikiti 14 122–14 127, he whare tipu tūmatanui e whakarato ana i te urunga atu ki ngā rauemi kua whakatakotoria. Hei tāpiri, hei tango i te puehu, i te paru rānei, tapahia ngā rau o te tipu kia iti, horoia kia 3 ngā wā ki te wai puna me te wai whakapūkara, kātahi ka whakamaroke i te 50°C. I kuruhia te tipu, 5 karamu o te paura pai i rumakina ki te 100 ml o te wai whakapūkara, ā, i whakaohokia i te 70°C mō te 20 meneti kia whiwhi ai i te tango. Ko te tangohanga i whiwhi mai i Bacillus nicotianae i tātarihia mā te pepa tātari Whatman, ā, i rongoatia ki roto i ngā ngongo ma, kua whakahoromatahia i te 4°C mō ētahi atu whakamahinga.
E ai ki te Pikitia 1, i hangaia te GO mai i te paura karāpeti mā te tikanga Hummers whakarerekētia. I whakamararatia te 10 mg o te paura GO ki roto i te 50 ml o te wai whakakore iona mō te 30 meneti i raro i te sonication, kātahi ka whakaranua te 0.9 karamu o te FeCl3 me te 2.9 karamu o te NaAc mō te 60 meneti. I tāpirihia te 20 ml o te tango rau atriplex ki te otinga i whakaohokia me te whakaoho, ā, i waiho ki te 80°C mō te 8 hāora. I tātarihia te wai whakatārewatanga pango i puta mai. I horoia ngā nanocomposites kua whakaritea ki te etanoru me te wai i whakatōkia ki roto i te wai, kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki roto i te oumu korehau i te 50°C mō te 12 hāora.
Ngā whakaahua kauwhata me ngā whakaahua matihiko o te hanganga matomato o ngā matatini rGO/nZVI me nZVI me te tango i ngā paturopi DC mai i te wai poke mā te whakamahi i te tangohanga Atriplex halimus.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, e ai ki te Pikitia 1, 10 ml o te otinga rino pūhaumāota kei roto ko ngā iona Fe3+ 0.05 M i tāpirihia he pata ki te 20 ml o te otinga tango rau kawa mō te 60 meneti me te whakamahana me te whakaoho, kātahi ka hurihia te otinga i te 14,000 rpm (Hermle, 15,000 rpm) mō te 15 meneti hei whakaputa i ngā matūriki pango, kātahi ka horoia kia 3 ngā wā ki te etanoru me te wai whakapūkara, kātahi ka whakamarokehia i roto i te oumu korehau i te 60° C. mō te pō.
I tautuhia ngā rauemi hiato rGO/nZVI me nZVI i hangaia e ngā tipu mā te tirotiro UV-kitea (ngā taputapu tirotiro UV/Vis raupapa T70/T80, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) i te whānuitanga matawai o te 200-800 nm. Hei tātari i te āhua whenua me te tohatoha rahi o ngā rauemi hiato rGO/nZVI me nZVI, i whakamahia te tirotiro TEM (JOEL, JEM-2100F, Hapani, ngaohiko whakatere 200 kV). Hei aromatawai i ngā rōpū mahi ka uru pea ki ngā tangohanga tipu e kawenga ana mō te tukanga whakaora me te whakau, i whakahaerehia te tirotiro FT-IR (mīhini tirotiro JASCO i te whānuitanga o te 4000-600 cm-1). Hei tāpiri, i whakamahia he tātari pūmanawa zeta (Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern) hei ako i te utu mata o ngā rauemi nano i hangaia. Mō ngā inenga o te diffraction hihi-X o ngā rauemi nano paura, i whakamahia he diffractometer hihi-X (X'PERT PRO, Netherlands), e mahi ana i te au (40 mA), te ngaohiko (45 kV) i te awhe 2θ mai i te 20° ki te 80° me te ira CuKa1 (\(\lambda =\ ) 1.54056 Ao). Ko te spectrometer hihi-X marara pūngao (EDX) (tauira JEOL JSM-IT100) te kawenga mō te ako i te hanganga huānga i te wā e kohia ana ngā hihi-X kotahi-tae Al K-α mai i te -10 ki te 1350 eV i runga i te XPS, te rahi o te ira 400 μm K-ALPHA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) ko te pūngao tuku o te whānuitanga katoa he 200 eV, ā, ko te whānuitanga whaiti he 50 eV. Ka pēhia te tauira paura ki runga i tētahi pupuri tauira, ka whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi rūma korehau. I whakamahia te whānuitanga C 1 s hei tohutoro i te 284.58 eV hei whakatau i te pūngao here.
I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mimiti hei whakamātautau i te whai huatanga o ngā nanocomposites rGO/nZVI i hangaia hei tango i te doxycycline (DC) mai i ngā otinga wai. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mimiti i roto i ngā pounamu Erlenmeyer 25 ml i te tere ru o te 200 rpm i runga i te wiri porowhita (Stuart, Orbital Shaker/SSL1) i te 298 K. Mā te whakananu i te otinga rakau DC (1000 ppm) ki te wai bidistilled. Hei aromatawai i te pānga o te horopeta rGO/nSVI ki te whai huatanga o te mimiti, i tāpirihia ngā nanocomposites o ngā taumaha rerekē (0.01–0.07 g) ki te 20 ml o te otinga DC. Hei ako i te kinetics me ngā isotherms mimiti, i rumakina te 0.05 g o te adsorbent ki roto i te otinga wai o te CD me te kukū tīmatanga (25–100 mg L–1). I akohia te pānga o te pH ki te tango i te DC i te pH (3–11) me te kukū tīmatanga o te 50 mg L-1 i te 25°C. Whakatikatikahia te pH o te pūnaha mā te tāpiri i tētahi iti o te wairewa HCl, NaOH rānei (Mita pH Crison, mita pH, pH 25). Hei tāpiri, i tirotirohia te awe o te pāmahana tauhohenga ki ngā whakamātautau mimiti i te awhe o te 25-55°C. I tirotirohia te pānga o te kaha katote ki te tukanga mimiti mā te tāpiri i ngā kukū rerekē o te NaCl (0.01–4 mol L–1) i te kukū tīmatanga o te DC o te 50 mg L–1, pH 3 me te 7), 25°C, me te horopeta mimiti o te 0.05 g. I inehia te mimiti o te DC kāore i mimiti mā te whakamahi i tētahi mita hihi rua UV-Vis (raupapa T70/T80, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) kua rite ki ngā kuveti kuata 1.0 cm te roa o te ara i ngā roangaru mōrahi (λmax) o te 270 me te 350 nm. Ko te ōrau tango o ngā paturopi DC (R%; Whārite 1) me te nui o te mimiti o te DC, qt, Whārite. I inehia te 2 (mg/g) mā te whakamahi i te whārite e whai ake nei.
ko %R te kaha tango DC (%), ko Co te kukū DC tuatahi i te wā 0, ā, ko C te kukū DC i te wā t, ia (mg L-1).
ko qe te nui o te DC e mimitihia ana mō ia wae taumaha o te adsorbent (mg g-1), ko Co me Ce ngā kukū i te wā kore me te taurite, ia (mg l-1), ko V te rōrahi otinga (l), ā, ko m te matūriki adsorption (g).
E whakaatu ana ngā whakaahua SEM (Pikitia 2A–C) i te āhua o te rGO/nZVI hiato me ngā matūriki rino porowhita e horapa ana i runga i tōna mata, e tohu ana i te angitu o te piri o ngā nZVI NP ki te mata rGO. Hei tāpiri, kei reira ētahi kita i roto i te rau rGO, e whakaū ana i te tangohanga o ngā rōpū kei roto te hāora i te wā kotahi me te whakahokinga mai o A. halimus GO. Ko ēnei kita nui hei wāhi mō te utaina kaha o ngā NP rino. I whakaatu ngā whakaahua nZVI (Pikitia 2D-F) he tino marara ngā NP rino porowhita, ā, kāore i huihui, nā te āhua paninga o ngā wāhanga tipu o te tangohanga tipu. I rerekē te rahi o te matūriki i roto i te 15–26 nm. Heoi, he āhua mesoporous ētahi rohe me te hanganga o ngā pupuhi me ngā kōhao, ka taea te whakarato i te kaha mimiti whai hua o te nZVI, nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te hopu i ngā ngota DC i runga i te mata o te nZVI. I te whakamahinga o te tangohanga Rosa Damascus mō te hanga nZVI, he koretake ngā NP i whiwhi, he āputaputa me ngā āhua rerekē, ā, i whakaiti i tō rātou whai huatanga i roto i te mimiti Cr(VI) me te whakanui ake i te wā tauhohenga 23. He rite tonu ngā hua ki te nZVI i hanga mai i ngā rau ōki me te rau māpere, he matūriki porowhita te nuinga me ngā rahi nanometa rerekē, kāore he kohikohinga mārama.
Ngā whakaahua SEM o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI (AC), nZVI (D, E) me ngā tauira EDX o ngā hiato nZVI/rGO (G) me nZVI (H).
I rangahauhia te hanganga huānga o ngā rauemi rGO/nZVI me ngā rauemi nZVI i hangaia e te tipu mā te whakamahi i te EDX (Pikitia 2G, H). E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau he mea tito te nZVI i te waro (38.29% te taumaha), te hāora (47.41% te taumaha) me te rino (11.84% te taumaha), engari kei reira anō hoki ētahi atu huānga pēnei i te whākōkī24, ka taea te tiki mai i ngā tangohanga tipu. Hei tāpiri, ko te ōrau teitei o te waro me te hāora nā te noho mai o ngā matū tipu mai i ngā tangohanga tipu i roto i ngā tauira nZVI o raro i te mata. He ōrite te tohatoha o ēnei huānga ki runga i te rGO engari i roto i ngā ōwehenga rerekē: C (39.16 wt %), O (46.98 wt %) me te Fe (10.99 wt %), EDX rGO/nZVI e whakaatu ana hoki i te noho mai o ētahi atu huānga pēnei i te S, ka taea te hono atu ki ngā tangohanga tipu. He pai ake te ōwehenga C:O o nāianei me te ihirangi rino i roto i te hiato rGO/nZVI e whakamahi ana i te A. halimus i te whakamahi i te tangohanga rau eucalyptus, nā te mea e whakaatu ana i te hanganga o te C (23.44 wt.%), O (68.29 wt.%) me te Fe (8.27 wt.%). wt %) 25. I kōrero a Nataša et al., 2022 mō tētahi hanganga huānga rite o te nZVI i hangaia mai i ngā rau ōki me te rau māpere, ā, i whakaū ko ngā rōpū polyphenol me ētahi atu ngota i roto i te tangohanga rau te kawenga mō te tukanga whakaiti.
Ko te āhua o te nZVI i hangaia i roto i ngā tipu (Pikitia S2A,B) he porowhita, ā, he āhua koretake te āhua, me te rahi toharite o te matūriki he 23.09 ± 3.54 nm, heoi, i kitea ngā mekameka whakakotahi nā ngā kaha van der Waals me te ferromagnetism. He pai te ahua o tēnei matūriki porowhita me te porowhita ki ngā hua SEM. I kitea tētahi kitenga rite e Abdelfatah et al. i te tau 2021 i te wā i whakamahia ai te tango rau pīni castor i roto i te hanganga o te nZVI11. Ko ngā NP tango rau Ruelas tuberosa i whakamahia hei kaiwhakaiti i roto i te nZVI he āhua porowhita anō hoki me te diameter o te 20 ki te 40 nm26.
I whakaatuhia e ngā whakaahua TEM hiato rGO/nZVI ranu (Pikitia S2C-D) he papa turanga te rGO me ngā kopa taha me ngā kita e whakarato ana i ngā pae uta maha mō ngā nZVI NP; e whakaū ana hoki tēnei āhua lamellar i te angitu o te hanganga o te rGO. Hei tāpiri, he āhua porowhita ngā nZVI NP me ngā rahi matūriki mai i te 5.32 ki te 27 nm, ā, kei roto i te paparanga rGO me te horapa tata rite. I whakamahia te tango rau eucalyptus hei hanga i ngā Fe NP/rGO; I whakaū anō hoki ngā hua TEM i whakapai ake ngā kita i roto i te paparanga rGO i te horapa o ngā Fe NP nui atu i ngā Fe NP parakore, ā, i whakanui ake i te tauhohenga o ngā hiato. I whiwhi a Bagheri et al. 28 i ngā hua rite i te wā i hangaia ai te hiato mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ultrasonic me te rahi toharite o te nanoparticle rino tata ki te 17.70 nm.
Kei roto i ngā Pikitia 3A ngā hihi FTIR o ngā rauemi hiato A. halimus, nZVI, GO, rGO, me rGO/nZVI. Ka kitea te aroaro o ngā rōpū mahi mata i roto i ngā rau o A. halimus i te 3336 cm-1, e rite ana ki ngā polyphenols, me te 1244 cm-1, e rite ana ki ngā rōpū carbonyl i hangaia e te pūmua. Kua kitea anō hoki ētahi atu rōpū pērā i ngā alkanes i te 2918 cm-1, ngā alkenes i te 1647 cm-1 me ngā toronga CO-O-CO i te 1030 cm-1, e whakaatu ana i te aroaro o ngā wāhanga tipu e mahi ana hei kaihoko hiri, ā, e kawenga ana mō te whakaora mai i te Fe2+ ki te Fe0 me te GO ki te rGO29. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakaatuhia e ngā hihi nZVI ngā tihi mimiti rite tonu ki ngā huka kawa, engari he paku neke te tūranga. Ka puta he roopu kaha i te 3244 cm-1 e hono ana ki ngā wiri totoro OH (phenols), ko te tihi i te 1615 e rite ana ki te C=C, ā, ka puta ake ngā roopu i te 1546 me te 1011 cm-1 nā te totoro o te C=O (ngā polyphenols me ngā flavonoids), ngā rōpū CN- o ngā amine kakara me ngā amine aliphatic i kitea anō i te 1310 cm-1 me te 1190 cm-1, ia13. E whakaatu ana te whānuitanga FTIR o te GO i te aroaro o ngā rōpū maha kei roto te hāora kaha-teitei, tae atu ki te roopu totoro alkoxy (CO) i te 1041 cm-1, te roopu totoro epoxy (CO) i te 1291 cm-1, te totoro C=O. I puta mai he roopu wiri totoro C=C i te 1619 cm-1, he roopu i te 1708 cm-1 me te roopu whānui o ngā wiri totoro rōpū OH i te 3384 cm-1, e whakaūtia ana e te tikanga Hummers kua whakapaitia, e whakakōkī angitu ana i te tukanga karāti. Ina whakatauritea ngā hiato rGO me rGO/nZVI me ngā ira GO, ka tino heke te kaha o ētahi rōpū kei roto te hāora, pērā i te OH i te 3270 cm-1, ko ētahi atu, pērā i te C=O i te 1729 cm-1, kua tino heke. e tohu ana i te angitu o te tango i ngā rōpū mahi kei roto te hāora i roto i te GO e te tangohanga A. halimus. Ka kitea ngā tihi āhua koi hou o te rGO i te kukū C=C i te taha o te 1560 me te 1405 cm-1, e whakaū ana i te whakahekenga o te GO ki te rGO. I kitea ngā rerekētanga mai i te 1043 ki te 1015 cm-1 me te 982 ki te 918 cm-1, nā te whakaurunga pea o ngā rauemi tipu31,32. I kite anō hoki a Weng et al., 2018 i te whakahekenga nui o ngā rōpū mahi whai hāora i roto i te GO, e whakaū ana i te angitu o te hanganga o te rGO mā te whakaiti koiora, nā te mea ko ngā tango rau eucalyptus, i whakamahia hei hanga i ngā hiato waikura graphene rino kua whakaitihia, i whakaatu i ngā whānuitanga FTIR tata ake o ngā rōpū mahi wāhanga tipu.33.
A. Te whānuitanga FTIR o te gallium, nZVI, rGO, GO, te hiato rGO/nZVI (A). Ngā hiato rGO, GO, nZVI me te rGO/nZVI (B) i roto i te Rongoā.
Ko te hanganga o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI me nZVI i whakaūhia nuitia e ngā tauira whakarara hihi-X (Pikitia 3B). I kitea he tihi Fe0 kaha-teitei i te 2Ɵ 44.5°, e rite ana ki te tohu (110) (JCPDS nama 06–0696)11. Ko tētahi atu tihi i te 35.1° o te papa (311) e kiia ana ko te magnetite Fe3O4, 63.2° pea e hono ana ki te tohu Miller o te papa (440) nā te aroaro o te ϒ-FeOOH (JCPDS nama 17-0536)34. Ko te tauira hihi-X o GO e whakaatu ana i te tihi koi i te 2Ɵ 10.3° me tētahi atu tihi i te 21.1°, e tohu ana i te whakakorenga katoa o te karāpeti me te whakaatu i te aroaro o ngā rōpū kei roto te hāora i runga i te mata o GO35. I roto i ngā tauira whakakotahi o te rGO me te rGO/nZVI i tuhia te ngaronga o ngā tihi GO āhua me te hanganga o ngā tihi rGO whānui i te 2Ɵ 22.17 me te 24.7° mō ngā whakakotahi rGO me te rGO/nZVI, ia, i whakaū i te angitu o te whakaora o te GO e ngā tangohanga tipu. Heoi, i roto i te tauira whakakotahi rGO/nZVI, i kitea ētahi atu tihi e hono ana ki te papa whatunga o Fe0 (110) me te bcc Fe0 (200) i te 44.9\(^\circ\) me te 65.22\(^\circ\), ia.
Ko te pūmanawa zeta te pūmanawa i waenganui i te paparanga ionic e piri ana ki te mata o te matūriki me te otinga wai e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga hiko-pūmau o te rauemi me te ine i tōna pumau37. I whakaatuhia e te tātari pūmanawa zeta o ngā hiato nZVI, GO, me rGO/nZVI i hangaia e te tipu tō rātou pumau nā te aroaro o ngā utu kino o te -20.8, -22, me te -27.4 mV, ia, i runga i ō rātou mata, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia S1A-C. . He rite tonu ēnei hua ki ētahi pūrongo e kī ana ko ngā otinga kei roto ngā matūriki me ngā uara pūmanawa zeta iti iho i te -25 mV e whakaatu ana i te taumata pumau teitei nā te pana hiko-pūmau i waenganui i ēnei matūriki. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te rGO me te nZVI ka taea e te hiato te whiwhi utu kino ake, ā, he pumau ake i te GO, i te nZVI rānei anake. Nō reira, ko te āhuatanga o te pana hiko-pūmau ka arahi ki te hanganga o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI39 pumau. Mā te mata kino o te GO ka taea te horapa ōrite i roto i te reo wai me te kore e whakakotahi, ka hanga he āhuatanga pai mō te taunekeneke ki te nZVI. Tērā pea ka hono te utu kino ki te aroaro o ngā rōpū mahi rerekē i roto i te tangohanga merengi kawa, e whakaū ana hoki i te taunekeneke i waenga i te GO me ngā matūmua rino me te tangohanga tipu hei hanga i te rGO me te nZVI, ia, me te matatini rGO/nZVI. Ka taea hoki e ēnei matū tipu te mahi hei kaihoko taupoki, nā te mea ka ārai i te whakakotahitanga o ngā matūriki nano ka puta mai, ā, ka whakanui ake i tō rātou pumau40.
I whakatauhia te hanganga huānga me ngā āhua o te uara o ngā hiato nZVI me rGO/nZVI e te XPS (Pikitia 4). I whakaatuhia e te rangahau whānui XPS ko te hiato rGO/nZVI he mea tito te nuinga o ngā huānga C, O, me Fe, e rite ana ki te mahere EDS (Pikitia 4F–H). Ko te whānuitanga C1s he toru ngā tihi i te 284.59 eV, 286.21 eV me te 288.21 eV e tohu ana i te CC, CO me te C=O. I wehea te whānuitanga O1s kia toru ngā tihi, tae atu ki te 531.17 eV, 532.97 eV, me te 535.45 eV, i tohaina ki ngā rōpū O=CO, CO, me te NO. Heoi, ko ngā tihi i te 710.43, 714.57 me te 724.79 eV e pā ana ki te Fe 2p3/2, Fe+3 me te Fe p1/2. I whakaatuhia e ngā hihi XPS o nZVI (Pikitia 4C-E) ngā tihi mō ngā huānga C, O, me Fe. Ko ngā tihi i te 284.77, 286.25, me te 287.62 eV e whakaū ana i te aroaro o ngā koranu rino-waro, e pā ana ki te CC, C-OH, me te CO. Ko te hihi O1s e rite ana ki ngā tihi e toru C–O/waro waro rino (531.19 eV), te rauropi hydroxyl (532.4 eV) me te O–C=O (533.47 eV). Ko te tihi i te 719.6 e kiia ana ko Fe0, ko te FeOOH ia e whakaatu ana i ngā tihi i te 717.3 me te 723.7 eV, hei tāpiri, ko te tihi i te 725.8 eV e tohu ana i te aroaro o Fe2O342.43.
Ngā rangahau XPS o ngā hiato nZVI me rGO/nZVI, ia (A, B). Ngā whānuitanga katoa o ngā hiato nZVI C1s (C), Fe2p (D), me O1s (E) me rGO/nZVI C1s (F), Fe2p (G), O1s (H).
E whakaatu ana te isotherm adsorption/desorption N2 (Pikitia 5A, B) kei roto ngā hiato nZVI me rGO/nZVI i te momo II. Hei tāpiri, kua piki ake te horahanga mata motuhake (SBET) o te nZVI mai i te 47.4549 ki te 152.52 m2/g i muri i te matapōkere ki te rGO. Ka taea te whakamārama i tēnei hua mā te hekenga o ngā āhuatanga aukume o te nZVI i muri i te matapōkere rGO, ā, nā reira ka whakaitihia te kohikohinga matūriki me te whakanui ake i te horahanga mata o ngā hiato. Hei tāpiri, e ai ki te whakaaturanga i te Pikitia 5C, he teitei ake te rōrahi pore (8.94 nm) o te hiato rGO/nZVI i tērā o te nZVI taketake (2.873 nm). E rite ana tēnei hua ki a El-Monaem et al. 45.
Hei aromatawai i te kaha mimiti ki te tango i te DC i waenga i ngā rauemi rGO/nZVI me te nZVI taketake i runga i te pikinga o te kukū tuatahi, i whakaritea he whakataurite mā te tāpiri i tētahi horopeta pumau o ia rauemi mimiti (0.05 g) ki te DC i ngā kukū tīmatanga rerekē. Te otinga i rangahaua [25]. –100 mg l–1] i te 25°C. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he teitei ake te whai huatanga tango (94.6%) o te rauemi rGO/nZVI i tērā o te nZVI taketake (90%) i te kukū iti iho (25 mg L-1). Heoi, i te whakanuia o te kukū tīmatanga ki te 100 mg L-1, ka heke te whai huatanga tango o te rGO/nZVI me te nZVI matua ki te 70% me te 65%, ia (Pikitia 6A), tera pea nā te iti o ngā pae hohe me te whakahekenga o ngā matūriki nZVI. I te ritenga kē, i whakaatu te rGO/nZVI i te whai huatanga teitei ake o te tango DC, tērā pea nā te pānga tahi i waenga i te rGO me te nZVI, he nui ake ngā pae hohe pumau e wātea ana mō te mimiti, ā, i roto i te take o te rGO/nZVI, he nui ake te DC ka taea te mimiti i te nZVI kāore i pakaru. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te pikitia 6B e whakaatu ana ko te kaha mimiti o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI me te nZVI i piki ake mai i te 9.4 mg/g ki te 30 mg/g me te 9 mg/g, ia, me te pikinga o te kukū tuatahi mai i te 25–100 mg/L. -1.1 ki te 28.73 mg g-1. Nō reira, i hono kino te tere tango DC ki te kukū DC tuatahi, nā te iti o ngā pokapū tauhohenga e tautokona ana e ia mimiti mō te mimiti me te tango i te DC i roto i te otinga. Nō reira, ka taea te whakatau mai i ēnei hua he nui ake te whai huatanga o te mimiti me te whakaiti o ngā rauemi rGO/nZVI, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i te rGO i roto i te hanganga o te rGO/nZVI hei rauemi mimiti me te rauemi kawe.
Ko te whai huatanga tango me te kaha mimiti DC mō te hiato rGO/nZVI me te nZVI ko (A, B) [Co = 25 mg l-1–100 mg l-1, T = 25 °C, horopeta = 0.05 g], pH. i runga i te kaha mimiti me te whai huatanga tango DC i runga i ngā hiato rGO/nZVI (C) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 3–11, T = 25°C, horopeta = 0.05 g].
He mea nui te pH o te otinga i roto i te rangahau i ngā tukanga mimiti, nā te mea ka pā ki te taumata o te ionization, te speciation, me te ionization o te adsorbent. I whakahaerehia te whakamātautau i te 25°C me te horopeta adsorbent pumau (0.05 g) me te kukū tīmatanga o te 50 mg L-1 i roto i te awhe pH (3–11). E ai ki tētahi arotake tuhinga46, he ngota amphiphilic te DC me ētahi rōpū mahi ka taea te ionize (phenols, amino groups, alcohols) i ngā taumata pH rerekē. Nā reira, ka taunekeneke pea ngā mahi rerekē a te DC me ngā hanganga e pā ana ki te mata o te hiato rGO/nZVI mā te hikohiko, ā, ka noho pea hei kationi, hei zwitterion, hei anion hoki, ka noho te ngota DC hei cationic (DCH3+) i te pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 me te anionic (DCH−, DC2− rānei) i te PH 7.7. Nā reira, ka taunekeneke pea ngā mahi rerekē a te DC me ngā hanganga e pā ana ki te mata o te hiato rGO/nZVI mā te hikohiko, ā, ka noho pea hei kationi, hei zwitterion, hei anion hoki, ka noho te ngota DC hei cationic (DCH3+) i te pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 me te anionic (DCH- DC2- rānei) i te PH 7.7. В результате различные функции ДК и связанных с ними структур на поверхности композита rGO/nZVI могут взатимоткистер и могут существовать в виде катионов, цвиттер-ионов и анионов, молекула ДК существует в виде катиона (DCH3+) цвиттер-ионный (DCH20) 3,3 < pH < 7,7 me te анионный (DCH- ranei DC2-) hei pH 7,7. Nā reira, ka taea e ngā mahi maha o te DC me ngā hanganga e pā ana ki te mata o te hiato rGO/nZVI te taunekeneke hiko-pūmau, ā, ka taea te noho hei kationa, hei zwitterion, hei anion; ka noho te ngota DC hei kationa (DCH3+) i te pH < 3.3; ionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 me te anionic (DCH- DC2- rānei) i te pH 7.7.因此，DC 的各种功能和rGO/nZVI复合材料表面的相关结构可能会发生静电相互作用，并可能以阳离子、两性离子和阴离子的形式存在，DC分子在pH < 3.3 时以阳离子(DCH3+) 的形式存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 和阴离子(DCH- 或DC2-) 在PH 7.7.因此 ， dc 的 种 功能 和 和 和 和 和 复合 材料 表面 的 相关 结构 可能 会 可能 会 可生并 可能 以 阳离子 两 性 和 阴离子 形式 ， ， dc 分子 在 pH <3.3 时 阳离子 阳离子 阳筐子阳离子 阳离子 (dch3+)形式存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 和阴离子(DCH- 或DC2-) 在PH 7.7. Следовательно, различные функции ДК и родственных им структур на поверхности композита rGO/nZVI могут вструклетктуть взаимодействия и существовать в виде катионов, цвиттер-ионов и анионов, а молекулы ДК являются катионны катионны катионным 3,3. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā mahi maha o te DC me ngā hanganga e pā ana ki te mata o te hiato rGO/nZVI te uru ki ngā taunekeneke hiko-pūmau, ā, ka noho hei kationi, hei zwitterion, hei anion hoki, ko ngā ngota DC ia he kationi (DCH3+) i te pH < 3.3. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te цвиттер-иона (DCH20) kei te 3,3 < pH < 7,7 me te аниона (DCH- ranei DC2-) kei te pH 7,7. Kei te noho hei zwitterion (DCH20) i te 3.3 < pH < 7.7 me te anion (DCH- DC2- rānei) i te pH 7.7.I te pikinga o te pH mai i te 3 ki te 7, ka piki ake te kaha mimiti me te whai huatanga o te tango DC mai i te 11.2 mg/g (56%) ki te 17 mg/g (85%) (Pikitia 6C). Heoi, i te pikinga o te pH ki te 9 me te 11, ka heke te kaha mimiti me te whai huatanga tango, mai i te 10.6 mg/g (53%) ki te 6 mg/g (30%), ia. I te pikinga o te pH mai i te 3 ki te 7, ko te nuinga o ngā DC i roto i te ahua o ngā zwitterions, nā reira i tata kore ai e kukume hiko-pūmau, e panaia rānei e ngā hiato rGO/nZVI, ko te nuinga nā te taunekeneke hiko-pūmau. I te pikinga o te pH ki runga ake i te 8.2, ka utua kinotia te mata o te adsorbent, nō reira ka heke te kaha mimiti nā te pana hiko-pūmau i waenga i te doxycycline utu kino me te mata o te adsorbent. E kī ana tēnei ia he tino whakawhirinaki te mimiti DC ki ngā rauemi rGO/nZVI ki te pH, ā, e whakaatu ana hoki ngā hua he pai ngā rauemi rGO/nZVI hei rauemi mimiti i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa me ngā āhuatanga kūpapa.
I mahia te pānga o te pāmahana ki te mimiti o te wairewa DC i te (25–55°C). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 7A i te pānga o te pikinga o te pāmahana ki te whai huatanga o te tango i ngā paturopi DC ki te rGO/nZVI, e mārama ana kua piki ake te kaha tango me te kaha mimiti mai i te 83.44% me te 13.9 mg/g ki te 47% me te 7.83 mg/g. , ia. Tērā pea nā te pikinga o te kaha wera o ngā katote DC tēnei hekenga nui, ka hua ake ai te mimiti47.
Te Pānga o te Mahana ki te Whai Huatanga Tango me te Kaha Whakapiri o te CD ki ngā Huinga rGO/nZVI (A) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, Inenga = 0.05 g], Te Inenga Whakapiri ki te Whai Huatanga Tango me te Whai Huatanga Tango o te CD Te Pānga o te Kukū Tuatahi ki te kaha whakapiri me te whai huatanga o te tango DC ki te huinga rGO/nSVI (B) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25°C] (C, D) [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, inenga = 0.05 g].
Ko te pānga o te whakanui ake i te horopeta o te adsorbent hiato rGO/nZVI mai i te 0.01 karamu ki te 0.07 karamu ki te whai huatanga tango me te kaha mimiti ka whakaaturia i te Pikitia 7B. Nā te pikinga ake o te horopeta o te adsorbent i heke ai te kaha mimiti mai i te 33.43 mg/g ki te 6.74 mg/g. Heoi, me te pikinga ake o te horopeta adsorbent mai i te 0.01 karamu ki te 0.07 karamu, ka piki ake te whai huatanga tango mai i te 66.8% ki te 96%, ā, nō reira, ka hono pea tēnei ki te pikinga ake o te maha o ngā pokapū hohe i runga i te mata nanocomposite.
I rangahauhia te pānga o te kukū tuatahi ki te kaha mimiti me te pai o te tango [25–100 mg L-1, 25°C, pH 7, horopeta 0.05 g]. I te whakanuia o te kukū tuatahi mai i te 25 mg L-1 ki te 100 mg L-1, i heke te ōrau tango o te hiato rGO/nZVI mai i te 94.6% ki te 65% (Pikitia 7C), nā te korenga pea o ngā pae hohe e hiahiatia ana. . Ka mimiti i ngā kukū nui o te DC49. I tētahi atu taha, i te pikinga ake o te kukū tuatahi, i piki ake hoki te kaha mimiti mai i te 9.4 mg/g ki te 30 mg/g tae noa ki te taurite (Pikitia 7D). Ko tēnei tauhohenga kore e taea te karo i puta mai i te pikinga o te kaha taraiwa me te kukū DC tuatahi nui ake i te ātete whakawhiti papatipu katote DC kia tae atu ki te mata 50 o te hiato rGO/nZVI.
Ko te whāinga o te wā whakapā me ngā rangahau nekeneke he mārama ki te wā taurite o te mimiti. Tuatahi, ko te nui o te DC i mimitihia i ngā meneti 40 tuatahi o te wā whakapā he tata ki te haurua o te nui katoa i mimitihia i te wā katoa (100 meneti). Ahakoa ka tukinga ngā ngota DC i roto i te otinga, ka tere te heke ki te mata o te hiato rGO/nZVI, ka nui te mimiti. I muri i te 40 meneti, ka piki haere te mimiti DC, ā, ka pōturi tae noa ki te taurite i muri i te 60 meneti (Pikitia 7D). Nā te mea he nui te mimiti i roto i ngā meneti 40 tuatahi, ka iti ake ngā tukinga ki ngā ngota DC, ā, ka iti ake ngā pae hohe e wātea ana mō ngā ngota kāore i mimiti. Nō reira, ka taea te whakaiti i te tere mimiti51.
Hei mārama ake i te kaha o te mimiti, i whakamahia ngā kauwhata rārangi o te raupapa tuatahi rūpahu (Pikitia 8A), te raupapa tuarua rūpahu (Pikitia 8B), me ngā tauira mimiti Elovich (Pikitia 8C). Mai i ngā tawhā i whiwhi mai i ngā rangahau mimiti (Ripanga S1), ka mārama ko te tauira tuarua hēkona te tauira pai rawa atu mō te whakaahua i te kaha mimiti, ina whakatakotoria te uara R2 ki runga ake i ngā tauira e rua. He rite anō hoki i waenga i ngā kaha mimiti kua tatauhia (qe, cal). Ko te raupapa tuarua rūpahu me ngā uara whakamātautau (qe, exp.) he taunakitanga anō kei te pai ake te tauira raupapa tuarua rūpahu i ētahi atu tauira. E ai ki te Ripanga 1, ko ngā uara o te α (tere mimiti tuatahi) me te β (pūmau mimiti) e whakaū ana he teitei ake te tere mimiti i te tere mimiti, e tohu ana ka mimiti pai te DC i runga i te hiato rGO/nZVI52.
Ngā kauwhata nekeneke mimiti rārangi o te raupapa tuarua rūpahu (A), te raupapa tuatahi rūpahu (B) me Elovich (C) [Co = 25–100 mg l–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, horopeta = 0.05 g].
Mā ngā rangahau mō ngā isotherm adsorption ka āwhina i te whakatau i te kaha adsorption o te adsorbent (RGO/nRVI composite) i ngā kukū adsorbate rerekē (DC) me ngā pāmahana pūnaha. I tatauhia te kaha adsorption mōrahi mā te whakamahi i te isotherm Langmuir, i tohu ai he ōrite te adsorption, ā, i uru atu ki te hanganga o te paparanga adsorbate kotahi i runga i te mata o te adsorbent me te kore taunekeneke i waenganui i a rātou53. Ko ētahi atu tauira isotherm e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā tauira Freundlich me Temkin. Ahakoa kāore te tauira Freundlich e whakamahia hei tatau i te kaha adsorption, ka āwhina i te mārama ki te tukanga adsorption heterogeneous me te mea he rerekē ngā kaha o ngā wāhi takoto kau i runga i te adsorbent, ko te tauira Temkin ka āwhina i te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te adsorption54.
E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 9A-C i ngā kauwhata rārangi o ngā tauira Langmuir, Freindlich, me Temkin. Ko ngā uara R2 i tatauhia mai i ngā kauwhata rārangi Freundlich (Pikitia 9A) me Langmuir (Pikitia 9B) ā, i whakaaturia i roto i te Ripanga 2, e whakaatu ana ko te mimiti DC i runga i te hiato rGO/nZVI e whai ana i ngā tauira isotherm Freundlich (0.996) me Langmuir (0.988) me Temkin (0.985). Ko te kaha mimiti mōrahi (qmax), i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tauira isotherm Langmuir, he 31.61 mg g-1. Hei tāpiri, ko te uara tatau o te tauwehe wehenga kore-ahu (RL) kei waenganui i te 0 me te 1 (0.097), e tohu ana i te tukanga mimiti pai. Ki te kore, ko te pūmau Freundlich kua tatauhia (n = 2.756) e tohu ana i te hiahia mō tēnei tukanga mimiti. E ai ki te tauira rārangi o te isotherm Temkin (Pikitia 9C), ko te mimiti o te DC i runga i te hiato rGO/nZVI he tukanga mimiti ā-tinana, nā te mea ko te b he ˂ 82 kJ mol-1 (0.408)55. Ahakoa ko te mimiti ā-tinana te mea e whakahaeretia ana e ngā kaha ngoikore o te van der Waals, ko te mimiti iahiko tika i runga i ngā hiato rGO/nZVI me iti ngā kaha mimiti [56, 57].
Ngā isotherms adsorption rārangi a Freundlich (A), Langmuir (B), me Temkin (C) [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, horopeta = 0.05 g]. Kauwhata o te whārite van't Hoff mō te adsorption DC e ngā hiato rGO/nZVI (D) [Co = 25–100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25–55 °C me te horopeta = 0.05 g].
Hei aromatawai i te pānga o te huringa pāmahana tauhohenga ki te tango DC mai i ngā hiato rGO/nZVI, i tatauhia ngā tawhā thermodynamic pēnei i te huringa entropy (ΔS), te huringa enthalpy (ΔH), me te huringa pūngao kore utu (ΔG) mai i ngā whārite. 3 me te 458.
ko \({K}_{e}\)=\(\frac{{C}_{Ae}}{{C}_{e}}\) – te pūmau taurite wera, Ce me CAe – rGO i roto i te otinga, ia /nZVI ngā kukū DC i te taurite mata. Ko R me RT ngā pūmau hau me te pāmahana mimiti. Mā te tuhi i te ln Ke ki te 1/T ka puta he rārangi tika (Pikitia 9D) ka taea te whakatau i te ∆S me te ∆H.
Ko te uara ΔH kino e tohu ana he tukanga wera-waho te tukanga. I tētahi atu taha, kei roto te uara ΔH i te tukanga mimiti ā-tinana. Ko ngā uara ΔG kino i roto i te Ripanga 3 e tohu ana he taea te mimiti, ā, he mea tūpono noa iho. Ko ngā uara kino o te ΔS e tohu ana i te raupapatanga teitei o ngā ngota mimiti i te atanga wai (Ripanga 3).
E whakataurite ana te Ripanga 4 i te hiato rGO/nZVI me ētahi atu matū mimiti i kōrerotia i roto i ngā rangahau o mua. E mārama ana he nui te kaha mimiti o te hiato VGO/nCVI, ā, he rauemi whai hua pea mō te tango i ngā paturopi DC mai i te wai. Hei tāpiri, he tukanga tere te mimiti o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI me te wā taurite o te 60 meneti. Ka taea te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga mimiti pai o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI mā te pānga mahi tahi o te rGO me te nZVI.
E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 10A, B i te tikanga whaitake mō te tango i ngā paturopi DC e ngā matatini rGO/nZVI me nZVI. E ai ki ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau mō te pānga o te pH ki te whai huatanga o te mimiti DC, me te pikinga o te pH mai i te 3 ki te 7, kāore te mimiti DC i runga i te hiato rGO/nZVI i whakahaeretia e ngā taunekeneke hiko-pūmau, nā te mea i mahi hei zwitterion; nō reira, kāore te huringa o te uara pH i pā ki te tukanga mimiti. Nō muri mai, ka taea te whakahaere i te tikanga mimiti mā ngā taunekeneke kore-hiko-pūmau pērā i te here hauwai, ngā pānga hydrophobic, me ngā taunekeneke tāpae π-π i waenga i te hiato rGO/nZVI me te DC66. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana kua whakamāramahia te tikanga o ngā mimiti kakara i runga i ngā mata o te graphene paparanga e ngā taunekeneke tāpae π–π hei kaha matua. He rauemi paparanga te hiato e rite ana ki te graphene me te mōrahi mimiti i te 233 nm nā te whakawhiti π-π*. I runga i te aroaro o ngā mowhiti kakara e whā i roto i te hanganga ngota o te adsorbate DC, i whakapae mātou he tikanga taunekeneke π-π-stacking i waenga i te DC kakara (kaiwhakawhiwhi irahiko π) me te rohe whai rawa i ngā irahiko π ki runga i te mata RGO. /nZVI hiato. Hei tāpiri, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 10B, i whakahaerehia ngā rangahau FTIR hei ako i te taunekeneke ngota o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI me te DC, ā, ko ngā hihi FTIR o ngā hiato rGO/nZVI i muri i te adsorption DC e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 10B. 10b. Ka kitea he tihi hou i te 2111 cm-1, e rite ana ki te wiri anga o te here C=C, e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā rōpū mahi waro e rite ana ki runga i te mata o te 67 rGO/nZVI. Ka neke atu ētahi atu tihi mai i te 1561 ki te 1548 cm-1, ā, mai i te 1399 ki te 1360 cm-1, e whakaū ana hoki i te whai wāhi nui o ngā taunekeneke π-π ki te mimiti o te graphene me ngā poke rauropi68,69. I muri i te mimiti DC, ka heke te kaha o ētahi rōpū kei roto te hāora, pērā i te OH, ki te 3270 cm-1, e kī ana ko te hononga hauwai tētahi o ngā tikanga mimiti. Nō reira, i runga i ngā hua, ko te mimiti DC i runga i te hiato rGO/nZVI ka puta i te nuinga o te wā nā ngā taunekeneke whakarārangi π-π me ngā hononga-H.
Te tikanga whaitake o te mimiti o ngā paturopi DC e ngā matatini rGO/nZVI me nZVI (A). Ngā ira mimiti FTIR o te DC i runga i te rGO/nZVI me te nZVI (B).
I piki ake te kaha o ngā roopu mimiti o te nZVI i te 3244, 1615, 1546, me te 1011 cm–1 i muri i te mimiti DC ki runga i te nZVI (Pikitia 10B) ki te whakataurite ki te nZVI, e tika ana kia pā ki te taunekeneke me ngā rōpū mahi pea o ngā rōpū waikawa carboxylic O i roto i te DC. Heoi, ko tēnei ōrau iti o te tuku i roto i ngā roopu katoa i kitea e tohu ana kāore he huringa nui i roto i te whai huatanga mimiti o te matū mimiti phytosynthetic (nZVI) ki te whakataurite ki te nZVI i mua i te tukanga mimiti. E ai ki ētahi rangahau tango DC me te nZVI71, ina tauhohe te nZVI ki te H2O, ka tukuna ngā irahiko, kātahi ka whakamahia te H+ hei whakaputa i te hauwai hohe tino whakaiti. Hei whakamutunga, ka tangohia e ētahi matū cationic ngā irahiko mai i te hauwai hohe, ka hua ake ko te -C=N me te -C=C-, e pā ana ki te wehenga o te mowhiti benzene.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 14-2022