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Mubasa iri, rGO/nZVI composites dzakagadzirwa kekutanga dzichishandisa nzira iri nyore uye isingakuvadzi nharaunda dzichishandisa Sophora yellow leaf extract sechinhu chinodzikisa uye chinosimbisa kuti zvienderane nemisimboti ye "green", yakadai sekugadzira makemikari asingakuvadzi zvakanyanya. Zvishandiso zvakati wandei zvakashandiswa kusimbisa kubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwe composites, zvakaita seSEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, uye zeta potential, izvo zvinoratidza kubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwe composites. Kukwanisa kubvisa composites itsva ne pure nZVI pahuwandu hwakasiyana hwekutanga hwe antibiotic doxycycline kwakaenzaniswa nekuongorora mhedzisiro ye synergistic pakati pe rGO ne nZVI. Pasi pemamiriro ekubvisa e25mg L-1, 25°C uye 0.05g, mwero wekubvisa pure nZVI waive 90%, nepo mwero wekubvisa doxycycline ne rGO/nZVI composite wakasvika 94.6%, zvichisimbisa kuti nZVI ne rGO. Maitiro ekunyudza anoenderana neodha yepseudo-second uye anowirirana zvakanaka neFreundlich model ine kugona kwakanyanya kwekunyudza kwe31.61 mg g-1 pa25 °C uye pH 7. Nzira yakakodzera yekubvisa DC yakakurudzirwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kugona kushandiswazve kwe rGO/nZVI composite kwaive 60% mushure mematanho matanhatu ekuvandudza akatevedzana.
Kushaikwa kwemvura nekusvibiswa kwemvura zvava dambudziko guru kunyika dzese. Mumakore achangopfuura, kusvibiswa kwemvura, kunyanya kusvibiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kwakawedzera nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa nekushandiswa panguva yedenda reCOVID-191,2,3. Saka, kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji inoshanda yekubvisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mumvura yakasviba ibasa rinoda kukurumidzirwa.
Imwe yemishonga inorwisa utachiona isingagadziriswi kubva muboka retetracycline idoxycycline (DC)4,5. Zvakataurwa kuti masara eDC ari mumvura yepasi pevhu nemumvura yepamusoro haagone kugayiwa, 20-50% chete ndiyo inogayiwa uye yasara inoburitswa munzvimbo yakatenderedza, zvichikonzera matambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza nehutano.
Kusangana neDC pahuwandu hwakaderera kunogona kuuraya tupukanana tunogadzirwa mumvura, kutyisidzira kupararira kwebhakitiriya rinorwisa utachiona, uye kuwedzera kusakwanisa kurwisa utachiona, saka tsvina iyi inofanira kubviswa mumvura yakasviba. Kuora kwechisikigo kweDC mumvura inzira inononoka zvikuru. Maitiro efizikisi-makemikari akadai sephotolysis, biodegradation uye adsorption anogona kungoora chete pahuwandu hwakaderera uye pahuwandu hwakaderera7,8. Zvisinei, nzira isingadhuri zvakanyanya, iri nyore, isingakuvadzi nharaunda, iri nyore kubata uye inoshanda ndeye adsorption9,10.
Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) chinhu chine simba guru chinogona kubvisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakawanda mumvura, kusanganisira metronidazole, diazepam, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, uye tetracycline. Kugona uku kunokonzerwa nehunhu hunoshamisa hune nZVI, hwakadai se reactivity yakakura, nzvimbo yakakura, uye nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekubatanidza kunze11. Zvisinei, nZVI inowanzo kuungana mumvura nekuda kwemasimba evan der Wells uye hunhu hwemagnetic hwakawanda, izvo zvinoderedza kushanda kwayo mukubvisa tsvina nekuda kwekuumbwa kwe oxide layers inodzivirira reactivity ye nZVI10,12. Kuungana kwenZVI particles kunogona kuderedzwa nekushandura nzvimbo dzadzo nema surfactants nema polymers kana nekuzvisanganisa nezvimwe nanomaterials muchimiro che composites, izvo zvakaratidza kuva nzira inoshanda yekuvandudza kugadzikana kwazvo munharaunda13,14.
Graphene imhando yekabhoni ine mativi maviri ine maatomu ekabhoni akasanganiswa nesp2 akarongwa muhoneycomb lattice. Ine nzvimbo yakakura, simba guru remakanika, basa rakanaka remagetsi, kupisa kwakanyanya, kufamba kwemaerekitironi nekukurumidza, uye chinhu chakakodzera chekutakura kutsigira nanoparticles dzisina kugadzirwa pamusoro payo. Kusanganiswa kwenanoparticles dzesimbi negraphene kunogona kudarika zvakanakira zvechinhu chimwe nechimwe uye, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwepamusoro hwemuviri nemakemikari, inopa kugoverwa kwakakodzera kwenanoparticles kuti mvura inyatsoshanda15.
Zvimedu zvemiti ndizvo zvakanakisa zvinotsiva mishonga inokuvadza inoderedza makemikari anoshandiswa mukugadzira graphene oxide (rGO) ne nZVI nekuti zviripo, zvisingadhuri, zvine nhanho imwe chete, zvakachengeteka zvakatipoteredza, uye zvinogona kushandiswa semishonga inoderedza maruva. Semaflavonoids nema phenolic compounds zvinoshandawo se stabilizer. Nokudaro, Atriplex halimus L. leaf extract yakashandiswa semushonga wekugadzirisa nekuvhara maruva e rGO/nZVI composites muchidzidzo chino. Atriplex halimus kubva kumhuri yeAmaranthaceae igwenzi risingaperi rinoda nitrogen rine nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenzvimbo16.
Zvichienderana nemabhuku aripo, Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) yakatanga kushandiswa kugadzira rGO/nZVI composites senzira yekugadzira zvinhu isingadhuri uye isingakuvadzi nharaunda. Saka, chinangwa chebasa iri chine zvikamu zvina: (1) phytosynthesis yerGO/nZVI uye composites dzevabereki dzenZVI uchishandisa A. halimus aquatic leaf extract, (2) kutsanangurwa kwe phytosynthesized composites uchishandisa nzira dzakawanda kusimbisa kugadzirwa kwavo kunobudirira, (3) kudzidza synergistic effect yerGO nenZVI mukunyungudutsa uye kubvisa tsvina ye doxycycline antibiotics pasi pematanho akasiyana ekuita, kugadzirisa mamiriro e adsorption process, (3) kuongorora zvinhu zvakasanganiswa mukurapa kwakasiyana-siyana kunoenderera mberi mushure mekugadzirisa.
Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC, MM = 480.90, fomura yemakemikari C22H24N2O·HCl, 98%), iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 97%), graphite powder yakatengwa kubva kuSigma-Aldrich, USA. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%) uye hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) zvakatengwa kubva kuMerck, USA. NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MnCl2 uye MgCl2 zvakatengwa kubva kuTianjin Comio Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Zvese zvinoshandiswa zvine hutsanana hwakanyanya. Mvura yakasanganiswa kaviri yakashandiswa kugadzirira mhinduro dzese dzemvura.
Mienzaniso yeA. halimus yakatorwa kubva munzvimbo dzayo dzechisikigo muNile Delta uye yakawira pamhenderekedzo yeMediterranean yeEgypt. Zvirimwa zvakaunganidzwa zvichienderana nemirairo inoshanda yenyika nepasi rose17. Prof. Manal Fawzi vakaona zvirimwa zvichienderana neBoulos18, uye Dhipatimendi reSainzi yezvakatipoteredza reAlexandria University rinobvumidza kuunganidzwa kwemarudzi ezvirimwa akadzidzwa kuti ashandiswe nesainzi. Mienzaniso yemichina inochengetwa paTanta University Herbarium (TANE), mavoucher nhamba 14 122–14 127, nzvimbo yemuriwo yeruzhinji inopa mukana wekuwana zvinhu zvakachengetwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kubvisa guruva kana tsvina, cheka mashizha emuti kuita zvidimbu zvidiki, sukurudza katatu nemvura yakasanganiswa nemvura, wozoomesa pa50°C. Chirimwa chakapwanywa, 5 g yeupfu hwakatsetseka yakanyikwa mu100 ml yemvura yakasanganiswa uye yakasanganiswa pa70°C kwemaminitsi makumi maviri kuti uwane chinhu chinobviswa. Chinhu chakawanikwa kubva muBacillus nicotianae chakaseferwa kuburikidza nebepa rekusefa reWhatman ndokuchengetwa mumachubhu akachena uye akacheneswa pa4°C kuti chishandiswe zvakare.
Sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 1, GO yakagadzirwa neupfu hwegraphite nenzira yeHummers yakagadziriswa. 10 mg yeupfu hweGO yakaparadzirwa mu50 ml yemvura yakabviswa ion kwemaminitsi makumi matatu pasi pe sonication, uye ipapo 0.9 g yeFeCl3 ne2.9 g yeNaAc zvakasanganiswa kwemaminitsi makumi matanhatu. 20 ml yeatriplex leaf extract yakawedzerwa mumushonga wakasanganiswa nekukurunga ndokusiyiwa pa80°C kwemaawa masere. Mushonga mutema wakabuda wakaseferwa. Nanocomposites dzakagadzirwa dzakagezwa ne ethanol nemvura yakanyoroveswa uye dzakazoomeswa muovheni ye vacuum pa50°C kwemaawa gumi nemaviri.
Mifananidzo yakarongwa uye yedhijitari yekugadzirwa kwegirini kwe rGO/nZVI uye nZVI complexes uye kubviswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yeDC mumvura yakasviba uchishandisa Atriplex halimus extract.
Muchidimbu, sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 1, 10 ml yemhinduro yesimbi ine 0.05 M Fe3+ ions yakawedzerwa kusvika pa20 ml yemhinduro yemashizha anovava kwemaminitsi makumi matanhatu ichidziya nekukurunga zvine mwero, uye mhinduro yacho yakabva yaiswa mu centrifuge pa14,000 rpm (Hermle, 15,000 rpm) kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu kuti ipe zvidimbu zvitema, izvo zvakazogezwa katatu ne ethanol nemvura yakasanganiswa uye zvozoomeswa muovheni ye vacuum pa60° C. husiku hwese.
Zvigadzirwa zve rGO/nZVI ne nZVI zvakagadzirwa nemiti zvakaratidzwa ne UV-visible spectroscopy (T70/T80 series UV/Vis spectrophotometers, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) muchikamu che 200-800 nm chekuskena. Kuti vaongorore topography uye kugoverwa kwehukuru hwe rGO/nZVI ne nZVI composites, TEM spectroscopy (JOEL, JEM-2100F, Japan, accelerating voltage 200 kV) yakashandiswa. Kuti vaongorore mapoka anoshanda anogona kubatanidzwa muzvirimwa zvinotora basa rekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa, FT-IR spectroscopy yakaitwa (JASCO spectrometer iri pakati pe 4000-600 cm-1). Pamusoro pezvo, zeta potential analyzer (Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern) yakashandiswa kudzidza pamusoro pesimba rezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zve nanomaterials. Pakuyerwa kweX-ray diffraction yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa neupfu, X-ray diffractometer (X'PERT PRO, Netherlands) yakashandiswa, ichishanda pamagetsi (40 mA), voltage (45 kV) mu2θ kubva pa20° kusvika 80° uye CuKa1 radiation (\(\lambda =\ ) 1.54056 Ao). Iyo energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) (model JEOL JSM-IT100) ndiyo yaive nebasa rekudzidza zvinhu zve elemental pakuunganidza Al K-α monochromatic X-rays kubva pa -10 kusvika 1350 eV paXPS, spot size 400 μm K-ALPHA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) simba rekutumira re full spectrum i200 eV uye narrow spectrum i50 eV. Sample yeupfu inodzvanywa pane sample holder, iyo inoiswa mu vacuum chamber. Iyo C1 s spectrum yakashandiswa sereferensi pa284.58 eV kuona simba rinosunga.
Kuyedza kwekunyudza kwakaitwa kuti kuyedze kushanda kwe nanocomposites dze rGO/nZVI dzakagadzirwa mukubvisa doxycycline (DC) kubva mumvura. Kuyedza kwekunyudza kwakaitwa mumaflasks eErlenmeyer e25 ml nekumhanya kwe200 rpm pa orbital shaker (Stuart, Orbital Shaker/SSL1) pa298 K. Nekusanganisa mhinduro yeDC stock (1000 ppm) nemvura yakanyudzwa. Kuti vaongorore mhedzisiro ye rGO/nSVI dosage pakushanda kwe adsorption, nanocomposites dzehuremu hwakasiyana (0.01–0.07 g) dzakawedzerwa ku20 ml ye DC solution. Kuti vadzidze kinetics uye adsorption isotherms, 0.05 g ye adsorbent yakanyudzwa mumvura yeCD ine huwandu hwekutanga (25–100 mg L–1). Kushanda kwepH pakubviswa kweDC kwakadzidzwa pa pH (3–11) uye kutanga kwehuwandu hwe50 mg L-1 pa 25°C. Gadzirisa pH yesystem nekuwedzera huwandu hushoma hwe HCl kana NaOH solution (Crison pH meter, pH meter, pH 25). Pamusoro pezvo, simba re reaction tembiricha pakuyedza kwe adsorption riri pakati pe 25-55°C rakaongororwa. Kushanda kwe ionic strength pa adsorption process kwakadzidzwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwakasiyana hweNaCl (0.01–4 mol L–1) padanho rekutanga re DC re 50 mg L–1, pH 3 na 7), 25°C, uye adsorbent dose ye 0.05 g. Kunyudzwa kweDC isina kunyudzwa kwakayerwa uchishandisa dual beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer (T70/T80 series, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) ine 1.0 cm path length quartz cuvettes pa maximum wavelengths (λmax) ye270 ne350 nm. Kubviswa kwehuwandu hweDC antibiotics (R%; Eq. 1) uye huwandu hweDC, qt, Eq. 2 (mg/g) zvakayerwa uchishandisa equation inotevera.
apo %R iri DC removal capacity (%), Co ndiyo DC concentration yekutanga panguva 0, uye C iri DC concentration panguva t, zvichiteerana (mg L-1).
apo qe iri huwandu hweDC inonyudzwa pahuniti imwe neimwe ye adsorbent (mg g-1), Co naCe ndiwo huwandu panguva ye zero uye panguva ye equilibrium, zvichiteerana (mg l-1), V ndiyo vhoriyamu yemhinduro (l), uye m ndiyo adsorption mass reagent (g).
Mifananidzo yeSEM (Mifananidzo 2A–C) inoratidza chimiro che lamellar che rGO/nZVI composite ine spherical iron nanoparticles yakapararira zvakaenzana pamusoro payo, zvichiratidza kubatana kwakabudirira kwe nZVI NPs pamusoro pe rGO. Pamusoro pezvo, kune mamwe makwinya mushizha re rGO, zvichiratidza kubviswa kwemapoka ane okisijeni panguva imwe chete nekudzorerwa kwe A. halimus GO. Makwinya aya makuru anoshanda senzvimbo dzekutakurwa kwe iron NPs. Mifananidzo ye nZVI (Mufananidzo 2D-F) yakaratidza kuti spherical iron NPs dzakanga dzakapararira zvakanyanya uye hadzina kuungana, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuputira kwezvikamu zve botanical zve plant extract. Saizi ye particles yakasiyana mukati me 15–26 nm. Zvisinei, mamwe matunhu ane mesoporous morphology ine chimiro chemabulges nemakomba, izvo zvinogona kupa kugona kwakanyanya kwe adsorption ye nZVI, sezvo zvichigona kuwedzera mukana wekubata ma DC molecules pamusoro pe nZVI. Pakashandiswa Rosa Damascus extract pakugadzira nZVI, maNP akawanikwa akanga asina kufanana, aine mavoids uye maumbirwo akasiyana, izvo zvakaderedza kushanda kwawo muCr(VI) adsorption uye zvakawedzera nguva yekuita 23. Mhedzisiro yacho inoenderana nenZVI yakagadzirwa kubva mumashizha eouki neomulberry, ayo ari ma nanoparticles akatenderera ane saizi dzakasiyana dze nanometer pasina agglomeration yakajeka.
Mifananidzo yeSEM ye rGO/nZVI (AC), nZVI (D, E) composites uye mapatani eEDX e nZVI/rGO (G) uye nZVI (H) composites.
Kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemiti zvakaita se rGO/nZVI ne nZVI kwakadzidzwa uchishandisa EDX (Mufananidzo 2G, H). Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nZVI inoumbwa nekabhoni (38.29% nehuremu), okisijeni (47.41% nehuremu) uye iron (11.84% nehuremu), asi zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita se phosphorus24 zviripowo, zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva muzvirimwa. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwakawanda hwekabhoni neokisijeni hunokonzerwa nekuvapo kwe phytochemicals kubva muzvirimwa zviri mu subsurface nZVI samples. Zvinhu izvi zvakagoverwa zvakaenzana pa rGO asi muzvikamu zvakasiyana: C (39.16 wt %), O (46.98 wt %) uye Fe (10.99 wt %), EDX rGO/nZVI inoratidzawo kuvapo kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seS, zvinogona kusanganiswa nezvirimwa, zvinoshandiswa. Chiyero cheC:O chiripo iye zvino uye huwandu hwesimbi mu rGO/nZVI composite uchishandisa A. halimus zviri nani pane kushandisa eucalyptus leaf extract, sezvo ichiratidza kuumbwa kweC (23.44 wt.%), O (68.29 wt.% ) uye Fe (8.27 wt.%). wt %) 25. Nataša et al., 2022 vakataura nezve elemental composition yakafanana ye nZVI yakagadzirwa kubva mumashizha eoki nemulberry uye vakasimbisa kuti mapoka epolyphenol nemamwe mamorekuru ari mumashizha anotorwa ndiwo anokonzera maitiro ekuderedza.
Maumbirwo e nZVI akagadzirwa mumiti (Mufananidzo S2A, B) aive akaita sedenderedzwa uye asina kurongeka, aine avhareji yehukuru hwe particles hwe23.09 ± 3.54 nm, zvisinei ma chain aggregates akaonekwa nekuda kwe van der Waals forces uye ferromagnetism. Chimiro ichi che particles chine granular uye denderedzwa chinowirirana zvakanaka nemhedzisiro yeSEM. Zvakafanana zvakawanikwa naAbdelfatah et al. muna 2021 apo castor bean leaf extract yakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwe nZVI11. Ruelas tuberosa leaf extract NPs inoshandiswa se reducing agent mu nZVI inewo chimiro chedenderedzwa chine dhayamita ye20 kusvika 40 nm26.
Mifananidzo yeHybrid rGO/nZVI composite TEM (Mufananidzo S2C-D) yakaratidza kuti rGO ipurani yepasi ine marginal folds uye wrinkles inopa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuisa nZVI NPs; chimiro ichi che lamellar chinosimbisawo kugadzirwa kwe rGO kwakabudirira. Pamusoro pezvo, nZVI NPs dzine chimiro chedenderedzwa chine saizi dzezvimedu kubva pa5.32 kusvika 27 nm uye dzakaiswa mu rGO layer dzine kupararira kwakafanana. Eucalyptus leaf extract yakashandiswa kugadzira Fe NPs/rGO; Mhedzisiro yeTEM yakasimbisawo kuti makwinya ari mu rGO layer akavandudza kupararira kweFe NPs kupfuura pure Fe NPs uye akawedzera reactivity ye composites. Mhedzisiro yakafanana yakawanikwa naBagheri et al. 28 apo composite yakagadzirwa vachishandisa matekiniki e ultrasonic ane avhareji yesimbi nanoparticle saizi inosvika 17.70 nm.
Ma FTIR spectra eA. halimus, nZVI, GO, rGO, uye rGO/nZVI composites anoratidzwa muMifananidzo 3A. Kuvapo kwemapoka anoshanda pamusoro pemashizha eA. halimus kunoonekwa pa3336 cm-1, iyo inoenderana nema polyphenols, uye 1244 cm-1, iyo inoenderana nemapoka e carbonyl anogadzirwa neprotein. Mamwe mapoka akadai se alkanes pa 2918 cm-1, alkenes pa 1647 cm-1 uye CO-O-CO extensions pa 1030 cm-1 akaonekwawo, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwezvikamu zvemiti zvinoshanda se sealing agents uye zvine basa rekudzoreredza kubva kuFe2+ kuenda kuFe0 uye GO kuenda ku rGO29. Kazhinji, nZVI spectra inoratidza peaks dzakafanana dze absorption seshuga inovava, asi ine chinzvimbo chakachinja zvishoma. Bhandi rakasimba rinoonekwa pa3244 cm-1 rakabatana neOH stretching vibrations (phenols), peak pa1615 inoenderana neC=C, uye mabhandi pa1546 ne1011 cm-1 anomuka nekuda kwekutambanudza kweC=O (polyphenols ne flavonoids), CN-groups ye aromatic amines ne aliphatic amines akaonekwawo pa1310 cm-1 uye 1190 cm-1, zvichiteerana13. FTIR spectrum yeGO inoratidza kuvapo kwemapoka akawanda ane oxygen yakawanda, kusanganisira alkoxy (CO) stretching band pa1041 cm-1, epoxy (CO) stretching band pa1291 cm-1, C=O stretch. bhendi reC=C stretching vibrations pa1619 cm-1, bhendi pa1708 cm-1 uye bhendi rakakura reOH group stretching vibrations pa3384 cm-1 rakaonekwa, izvo zvinosimbiswa nenzira yakagadziriswa yeHummers, iyo inobudirira oxidize graphite process. Pakuenzanisa rGO uye rGO/nZVI composites neGO spectra, simba remamwe mapoka ane oxygen, akadai seOH pa3270 cm-1, rakadzikira zvakanyanya, nepo mamwe, akadai seC=O pa1729 cm-1, akaderedzwa zvachose. akanyangarika, zvichiratidza kubviswa kwakabudirira kwemapoka anoshanda ane oxygen muGO neA. halimus extract. Mapeji matsva akajeka e rGO paC=C tension anoonekwa pa1560 ne1405 cm-1, izvo zvinosimbisa kudzikira kweGO kuenda ku rGO. Kusiyana kubva pa1043 kusvika 1015 cm-1 uye kubva pa982 kusvika 918 cm-1 kwakaonekwa, zvichida nekuda kwekuiswa kwezvinhu zvemiti31,32. Weng et al., 2018 vakaonawo kudzikira kwakakosha kwemapoka anoshanda ane oxygen muGO, zvichisimbisa kuumbwa kwerGO ne bioreduction, sezvo eucalyptus leaf extracts, iyo yakashandiswa kugadzira iron graphene oxide composites yakaderera, yakaratidza FTIR spectra yemapoka anoshanda ezvikamu zvezvirimwa.33.
A. FTIR spectrum ye gallium, nZVI, rGO, GO, composite rGO/nZVI (A). Roentgenogrammy composites rGO, GO, nZVI uye rGO/nZVI (B).
Kuumbwa kwe rGO/nZVI uye nZVI composites kwakasimbiswa zvakanyanya ne X-ray diffraction patterns (Mufananidzo 3B). Nhamba yepamusoro yeFe0 yakaonekwa pa 2Ɵ 44.5°, inoenderana ne index (110) (JCPDS nhamba 06–0696)11. Imwe nhanho yepamusoro pa 35.1° ye (311) plane inonzi inokonzerwa nemagnetite Fe3O4, 63.2° inogona kunge yakabatana ne Miller index ye (440) plane nekuda kwekuvapo kwe ϒ-FeOOH (JCPDS nhamba 17-0536)34. Iyo X-ray pattern yeGO inoratidza peak yakapinza pa 2Ɵ 10.3° uye imwe peak pa 21.1°, zvichiratidza kubviswa kwegraphite zvachose uye zvichiratidza kuvapo kwemapoka ane oxygen pamusoro pe GO35. Mapatani e rGO ne rGO/nZVI akanyora kunyangarika kwema GO peaks ane hunhu uye kuumbwa kwema rGO peaks akafara pa 2Ɵ 22.17 uye 24.7° e rGO ne rGO/nZVI composites, zvichiteerana, izvo zvakasimbisa kupora kwe GO nezvinotorwa nemiti. Zvisinei, mu composite rGO/nZVI pattern, mamwe ma peaks ane chekuita ne lattice plane ye Fe0 (110) ne bcc Fe0 (200) akaonekwa pa 44.9\(^\circ\) uye 65.22\(^\circ\), zvichiteerana .
Zeta potential ndiyo potential iri pakati peionic layer yakabatana pamusoro pechinhu uye mvura inogadzirisa iyo inosarudza hunhu hwe electrostatic hwechinhu uye inoyera kugadzikana kwacho37. Kuongororwa kweZeta potential kwe plant-synthesized nZVI, GO, uye rGO/nZVI composites kwakaratidza kugadzikana kwadzo nekuda kwekuvapo kwe negative charges ye -20.8, -22, uye -27.4 mV, zvichiteerana, pamusoro padzo, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo S1A-C. . Mhedzisiro yakadaro inoenderana nemishumo yakati wandei inotaura kuti mhinduro dzine zvikamu zvine zeta potential values dziri pasi pe -25 mV dzinowanzo ratidza kugadzikana kwakanyanya nekuda kwe electrostatic repulsion pakati pezvikamu izvi. Kubatanidzwa kwe rGO ne nZVI kunobvumira composite kuwana akawanda negative charges uye nekudaro ine kugadzikana kwakanyanya kupfuura GO kana nZVI chete. Nokudaro, chiitiko chekudzora electrostatic chichatungamira pakuumbwa kwe stable rGO/nZVI39 composites. Nzvimbo isina kunaka yeGO inobvumira kuti iparadzirwe zvakaenzana munzvimbo ine mvura isina kuungana, izvo zvinogadzira mamiriro akanaka ekubatana ne nZVI. Kuchaja kusina kunaka kunogona kusanganiswa nekuvapo kwemapoka akasiyana anoshanda muchikamu chevhiniga chinovava, izvo zvinosimbisawo kudyidzana pakati peGO nesimbi iron precursors nechikamu chemiti kuti zvigadzire rGO ne nZVI, zvichiteerana, uye rGO/nZVI complex. Makomponi aya emiti anogonawo kushanda semavharidziro, sezvo achidzivirira kuungana kwe nanoparticles dzinobuda uye nokudaro anowedzera kugadzikana kwawo40.
Kuumbwa kwezvinhu uye mamiriro evalence e nZVI ne rGO/nZVI composites zvakaongororwa neXPS (Mufananidzo 4). Chidzidzo cheXPS chakaratidza kuti rGO/nZVI composite inonyanya kuumbwa nezvinhu C, O, naFe, zvinoenderana neEDS mapping (Mufananidzo 4F–H). C1s spectrum ine peaks nhatu pa284.59 eV, 286.21 eV uye 288.21 eV inomiririra CC, CO naC=O, zvichiteerana. O1s spectrum yakakamurwa kuita peaks nhatu, kusanganisira 531.17 eV, 532.97 eV, uye 535.45 eV, dzakapihwa kumapoka eO=CO, CO, uye NO, zvichiteerana. Zvisinei, peaks pa710.43, 714.57 uye 724.79 eV zvinoreva Fe 2p3/2, Fe+3 naFe p1/2, zvichiteerana. MaXPS spectra e nZVI (Mufananidzo 4C-E) akaratidza misoro yezvikamu C, O, naFe. Mapeaks pa284.77, 286.25, uye 287.62 eV anosimbisa kuvapo kwe iron-carbon alloys, sezvaanoreva CC, C-OH, uye CO, zvichiteerana. O1s spectrum yaienderana ne peaks nhatu C–O/iron carbonate (531.19 eV), hydroxyl radical (532.4 eV) uye O–C=O (533.47 eV). Mountain pa719.6 inonzi yakakonzerwa naFe0, nepo FeOOH ichiratidza misoro pa717.3 na723.7 eV, pamusoro pezvo, peak pa725.8 eV inoratidza kuvapo kweFe2O342.43.
Zvidzidzo zveXPS zve nZVI uye rGO/nZVI composites, zvichiteerana (A, B). Maspectra akazara e nZVI C1s (C), Fe2p (D), uye O1s (E) uye rGO/nZVI C1s (F), Fe2p (G), O1s (H) composite.
Iyo N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm (Mufananidzo 5A, B) inoratidza kuti nZVI uye rGO/nZVI composites ndezverudzi rwechipiri. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo chaiyo yepamusoro (SBET) yenZVI yakawedzera kubva pa47.4549 kusvika pa152.52 m2/g mushure mekupofumadza ne rGO. Mhedzisiro iyi inogona kutsanangurwa nekuderera kwesimba remagineti re nZVI mushure mekupofumadza ne rGO, nokudaro zvichideredza kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu uye kuwedzera nzvimbo yepamusoro ye composites. Pamusoro pezvo, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 5C, vhoriyamu yepore (8.94 nm) ye rGO/nZVI composite yakakwira kupfuura yepakutanga nZVI (2.873 nm). Mhedzisiro iyi inoenderana naEl-Monaem et al. 45.
Kuti tiongorore kugona kwekubvisa DC pakati pezvinhu zvinosanganisa rGO/nZVI nenZVI yekutanga zvichienderana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekutanga, kuenzanisa kwakaitwa nekuwedzera dose yenguva dzose yechinhu chimwe nechimwe chinosanganisa (0.05 g) kuDC pahuwandu hwekutanga hwakasiyana. Mhinduro yakaongororwa [25]. –100 mg l–1] pa25°C. Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa (94.6%) kwechinhu chinosanganisa rGO/nZVI kwaive kwakakwira kupfuura kwechinhu chinosanganisa rGO/nZVI yekutanga (90%) pahuwandu hwakaderera (25 mg L-1). Zvisinei, apo huwandu hwekutanga hwakawedzerwa kusvika ku100 mg L-1, kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa rGO/nZVI nenZVI yevabereki kwakadzikira kusvika pa70% ne65%, zvichiteerana (Mufananidzo 6A), izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nenzvimbo shoma dzinoshanda uye kuora kwezvikamu zvenZVI. Kusiyana neizvi, rGO/nZVI yakaratidza kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa DC, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekushanda pamwe chete pakati perGO nenZVI, umo nzvimbo dzakagadzikana dziripo dzekudzvora dzakakwira zvakanyanya, uye kana iri rGO/nZVI, DC yakawanda inogona kudzvora kupfuura nZVI isina kubatwa. Pamusoro pezvo, mumufananidzo 6B inoratidza kuti kugona kweadsorption kwe rGO/nZVI ne nZVI composites kwakawedzera kubva pa9.4 mg/g kusvika pa30 mg/g uye 9 mg/g, zvichiteerana, nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekutanga kubva pa25–100 mg/L. -1.1 kusvika 28.73 mg g-1. Nokudaro, chiyero chekubvisa DC chakanga chisina kuenderana nehukuru hwekutanga hweDC, izvo zvaive nekuda kwehuwandu hushoma hwenzvimbo dzekuita dzakatsigirwa neadsorbent yega yega yekudzvora uye kubvisa DC mumushonga. Saka, zvinogona kugumiswa kubva mumhedzisiro iyi kuti rGO/nZVI composites dzine kushanda kwakanyanya kwekunyungudutsa nekuderedza, uye rGO muchikamu cherGO/nZVI inogona kushandiswa semubatsiri uye sechinotakura.
Kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa uye kugona kweDC adsorption ye rGO/nZVI uye nZVI composite kwaive (A, B) [Co = 25 mg l-1–100 mg l-1, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g], pH. pakukwanisa kweadsorption uye kushanda zvakanaka kweDC kubvisa pa rGO/nZVI composites (C) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 3–11, T = 25°C, dose = 0.05 g].
Mhinduro pH chinhu chakakosha mukudzidza maitiro ekunyudza, sezvo ichikanganisa mwero weionization, speciation, uye ionization ye adsorbent. Kuedza uku kwakaitwa pa25°C nechiyero che adsorbent chinogara chiripo (0.05 g) uye huwandu hwekutanga hwe50 mg L-1 mu pH range (3–11). Sekureva kweongororo yemabhuku46, DC imorekuru ine amphiphilic ine mapoka akawanda anoshanda anogona kunyudza (phenols, amino groups, alcohols) pamazinga akasiyana e pH. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabasa akasiyana-siyana eDC nemaumbirwo akabatana ari pamusoro pe rGO/nZVI composite anogona kushanda pamwe chete ne electrostatically uye anogona kuvapo se cations, zwitterions, uye anions, DC molecule iripo se cationic (DCH3+) pa pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 uye anionic (DCH− kana DC2−) pa PH 7.7. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabasa akasiyana-siyana eDC nemaumbirwo akabatana ari pamusoro pe rGO/nZVI composite anogona kushanda pamwe chete ne electrostatically uye anogona kuvapo se cations, zwitterions, uye anions, DC molecule iripo se cationic (DCH3+) pa pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 uye anionic (DCH- kana DC2-) pa PH 7.7. В результате различные функции ДК и связанных с ними структур на поверхности композита rGO/nZVI могут в заимодействовать электрововать электрововать электрововать электрововать электрововать электроство. виде катионов, цвиттер-ионов и анионов, молекула ДК существует в виде катиона (DCH3+) при рН < 3,3, цвиттер-ионный (DCH20) 3, 3, цвиттер-ионный (DCH20) 3, 3 kana DC2-) ne pH 7,7. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mabasa akasiyana-siyana eDC nemaumbirwo akafanana pamusoro pe rGO/nZVI composite anogona kushanda pamwe chete nemagetsi uye anogona kuvapo muchimiro che cations, zwitterions, uye anions; DC molecule iripo se cation (DCH3+) pa pH < 3.3; ionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 uye anionic (DCH- kana DC2-) pa pH 7.7.因此，DC 的各种功能和rGO/nZVI复合材料表面的相关结构可能会发生静电相互作用，并可能以阳离子、两性结构可能会发生静电相互作用。时以阳离子(DCH3+) 的形式存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3
Mhedzisiro yekupisa pakunyungudika kwemvura yeDC yakaitwa pa (25–55°C). Mufananidzo 7A unoratidza mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekupisa pakubviswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yeDC pa rGO/nZVI, zviri pachena kuti kugona kwekubvisa uye kugona kwekuwedzera kwakawedzera kubva pa83.44% uye 13.9 mg/g kusvika pa47% uye 7.83 mg/g., zvichiteerana. Kudzikira uku kukuru kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuwedzera kwesimba rekupisa reDC ions, izvo zvinotungamira mukubviswa kwemvura mumasero.
Mhedzisiro yeTembiricha paKushanda Kwekubvisa uye Kugona Kudhonza KweCD paRGO/NZVI Composites (A) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, Dose = 0.05 g], Adsorbent Dose paKushanda Kwekubvisa uye Kugona Kudhonza KweCD Mhedzisiro yeKutanga kweConcentration paKugona Kudhonza uye kushanda kweDC kubvisa paRGO/nSVI composite (B) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25°C] (C, D) [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g].
Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera dosi yecomposite adsorbent rGO/nZVI kubva pa0.01 g kusvika pa0.07 g pakushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa uye kugona kwekudhonza kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 7B. Kuwedzera kwedosi yeadsorbent kwakaita kuti kudzikire kwesimba readsorption kubva pa33.43 mg/g kusvika pa6.74 mg/g. Zvisinei, nekuwedzera kwedosi yeadsorbent kubva pa0.01 g kusvika pa0.07 g, kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa kunowedzera kubva pa66.8% kusvika pa96%, izvo, zvichienderana nazvo, zvinogona kunge zvakabatana nekuwedzera kwenhamba yenzvimbo dzinoshanda pamusoro pe nanocomposite.
Mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwekutanga pahunokwanisa kunyudzwa uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa [25–100 mg L-1, 25°C, pH 7, dose 0.05 g] yakaongororwa. Apo huwandu hwekutanga hwakawedzerwa kubva pa25 mg L-1 kusvika pa100 mg L-1, chikamu chekubvisa che rGO/nZVI composite chakaderera kubva pa94.6% kusvika pa65% (Mufananidzo 7C), pamwe nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenzvimbo dzinodiwa dzinoshanda. . Inonyudza huwandu hwakawanda hweDC49. Kune rumwe rutivi, sezvo huwandu hwekutanga hwakawedzera, huwandu hwe adsorption hwakawedzerawo kubva pa9.4 mg/g kusvika pa30 mg/g kusvika pakuenzanisa kwasvika (Mufananidzo 7D). Kuita uku kusingadzivisike kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwesimba rekutyaira ne DC concentration yekutanga yakakura kupfuura DC ion mass transfer resistance kusvika pamusoro pe50 ye rGO/nZVI composite.
Nguva yekubatana uye zvidzidzo zvekinetic zvinovavarira kunzwisisa nguva yekubatana kwemvura. Chekutanga, huwandu hweDC hwakanyungudutswa mukati memaminitsi makumi mana ekutanga enguva yekubatana hwaive hafu yehuwandu hwese hwakanyungudutswa mukati menguva yese (maminitsi zana). Kunyange hazvo mamorekuru eDC ari mumushonga achisangana zvichiita kuti afambe nekukurumidza achienda pamusoro pe rGO/nZVI composite zvichikonzera kunyungudutswa kukuru. Mushure memaminitsi makumi mana, DC adsorption yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika yasvika pakuenzanisa mushure memaminitsi makumi matanhatu (Mufananidzo 7D). Sezvo huwandu hwakaringana huchinyungudutswa mukati memaminitsi makumi mana ekutanga, pachava nekusangana kushoma nemamorekuru eDC uye nzvimbo shoma dzinoshanda dzichawanikwa kumamorekuru asina kunyungudutswa. Nokudaro, chiyero che adsorption chinogona kuderedzwa51.
Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kinetics dze adsorption, marongero emutsetse we pseudo first order (Mufananidzo 8A), pseudo second order (Mufananidzo 8B), uye Elovich (Mufananidzo 8C) kinetic models akashandiswa. Kubva pama parameters akawanikwa kubva mu kinetic studies (Table S1), zvinova pachena kuti pseudosecond model ndiyo modhi yakanakisa yekutsanangura adsorption kinetics, uko kukosha kweR2 kwakaiswa pamusoro pane mune mamwe mamodheru maviri. Kunewo kufanana pakati pe calculated adsorption capacitys (qe, cal). Pseudo-second order uye experimental values (qe, exp.) humwe humbowo hwekuti pseudo-second order modhi iri nani pane mamwe mamodheru. Sezvakaratidzwa muTable 1, values dze α (initial adsorption rate) uye β (desorption constant) dzinosimbisa kuti adsorption rate yakakwira kupfuura desorption rate, zvichiratidza kuti DC inowanzo nyevenutsa zvinobudirira pa rGO/nZVI52 composite. .
Mapoka e kinetic adsorption e pseudo-second order (A), pseudo-first order (B) uye Elovich (C) [Co = 25–100 mg l–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g].
Zvidzidzo zve adsorption isotherms zvinobatsira kuona kugona kwe adsorption kwe adsorbent (RGO/nRVI composite) pamazinga akasiyana e adsorbate (DC) uye tembiricha yesystem. Kugona kwakanyanya kwe adsorption kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa Langmuir isotherm, izvo zvakaratidza kuti adsorption yaive yakafanana uye zvaisanganisira kuumbwa kwe adsorbate monolayer pamusoro pe adsorbent pasina kudyidzana pakati pavo53. Mamwe ma isotherm models maviri anoshandiswa zvakanyanya ndiwo ma Freundlich naTemkin models. Kunyangwe modhi yeFreundlich isingashandiswe kuverenga kugona kwe adsorption, inobatsira kunzwisisa maitiro e adsorption akasiyana uye kuti nzvimbo dzisina chinhu pa adsorbent dzine simba rakasiyana, nepo modhi yeTemkin ichibatsira kunzwisisa hunhu hwepanyama nemakemikari e adsorption54.
Mifananidzo 9A-C inoratidza mitsara yemhando dzeLangmuir, Freindlich, uye Temkin, zvichiteerana. MaR2 values akaverengerwa kubva kuFreundlich (Mufananidzo 9A) uye Langmuir (Mufananidzo 9B) mitsara uye anoratidzwa muTafura 2 anoratidza kuti DC adsorption pa rGO/nZVI composite inotevera Freundlich (0.996) uye Langmuir (0.988) isotherm models uye Temkin (0.985). Kugona kwakanyanya kwe adsorption (qmax), kwakaverengerwa uchishandisa Langmuir isotherm model, kwaive 31.61 mg g-1. Pamusoro pezvo, kukosha kwakaverengerwa kwe dimensionless separation factor (RL) kuri pakati pe0 ne1 (0.097), zvichiratidza maitiro akanaka e adsorption. Zvikasadaro, Freundlich constant yakaverengerwa (n = 2.756) inoratidza kufarira maitiro aya ekunyudza. Zvichienderana nemuenzaniso weTemkin isotherm (Mufananidzo 9C), kunyudzwa kweDC pa rGO/nZVI composite inzira yekunyudzwa kwesimba, sezvo b iri ˂ 82 kJ mol-1 (0.408)55. Kunyangwe kunyudzwa kwesimba kuchiwanzo shandiswa nemasimba asina simba evan der Waals, kunyudzwa kwesimba kwakananga pa rGO/nZVI composites kunoda simba shoma rekudzikiswa kwesimba [56, 57].
Freundlich (A), Langmuir (B), uye Temkin (C) linear adsorption isotherms [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g]. Plot ye van't Hoff equation ye DC adsorption ne rGO/nZVI composites (D) [Co = 25–100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25–55 °C uye dose = 0.05 g].
Kuti tiongorore mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwetembiricha ye reaction pakubviswa kweDC kubva ku rGO/nZVI composites, ma thermodynamic parameters akadai se entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH), uye free energy change (ΔG) akaverengerwa kubva ku equation. 3 na 458.
apo \({K}_{e}\)=\(\frac{{C}_{Ae}}{{C}_{e}}\) – thermodynamic equilibrium constant, Ce naCAe – rGO mumushonga, zvichiteerana /nZVI DC concentrations pa surface equilibrium. R naRT ndiwo gas constant uye adsorption temperature, zvichiteerana. Kuronga ln Ke kurwisa 1/T kunopa mutsetse wakatwasuka (Mufananidzo 9D) umo ∆S na ∆H zvinogona kuwanikwa.
Kukosha kweΔH kunoratidza kuti maitiro acho ari exothermic. Kune rumwe rutivi, kukosha kweΔH kuri mukati memaitiro ekunyungudutsa kwemuviri. Kukosha kweΔG kusingakoshi muTafura 3 kunoratidza kuti kunyungudutsa kwemvura kunogoneka uye kwakazvimirira. Kukosha kweΔS kunoratidza kurongeka kwakanyanya kwemamorekuru anyungudutsa mumvura (Tafura 3).
Tafura 4 inoenzanisa rGO/nZVI composite nezvimwe zvinosanganisa mvura zvakashumwa muzvidzidzo zvekare. Zviri pachena kuti VGO/nCVI composite ine simba guru rekusanganisa mvura uye inogona kuva chinhu chinovimbisa kubviswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yeDC mumvura. Pamusoro pezvo, kusanganiswa kwemishonga yerGO/nZVI ibasa rinotora nguva yakareba uye rinotora maminitsi makumi matanhatu. Hunhu hwakanaka hwekusanganiswa kwemishonga yerGO/nZVI hunogona kutsanangurwa nekushanda pamwe chete kwe rGO ne nZVI.
Mifananidzo 10A, B inoratidza nzira ine musoro yekubvisa maantibayotiki eDC ne rGO/nZVI ne nZVI complexes. Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuyedza pamusoro pemhedzisiro yepH pakushanda kwe DC adsorption, nekuwedzera kwepH kubva pa3 kusvika pa7, DC adsorption pa rGO/nZVI composite haina kudzorwa ne electrostatic interactions, sezvo yakashanda se zwitterion; saka, shanduko mu pH value haina kukanganisa maitiro e adsorption. Mushure mezvo, adsorption mechanism inogona kudzorwa ne non-electrostatic interactions dzakadai se hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects, uye π-π stacking interactions pakati pe rGO/nZVI composite ne DC66. Zvinozivikanwa kuti mashandiro e aromatic adsorbates pamusoro pe layered graphene akatsanangurwa ne π–π stacking interactions senzira huru yekufambisa. Composite i layered material yakafanana ne graphene ine absorption maximum pa 233 nm nekuda kwe π-π* transition. Zvichibva pakuvapo kwezvindori zvina zvinonhuhwirira muchimiro chemolecular cheDC adsorbate, takafungidzira kuti pane nzira yekudyidzana kweπ-π-stacking pakati pearomatic DC (π-electron acceptor) nenzvimbo yakapfuma muπ-electrons pamusoro peRGO. /nZVI composites. Pamusoro pezvo, sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo 10B, zvidzidzo zveFTIR zvakaitwa kuti zvidzidze kudyidzana kwemamolecular kwerGO/nZVI composites neDC, uye FTIR spectra yerGO/nZVI composites mushure mekudzvinyirirwa kweDC inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 10B. 10b. Chikwata chitsva chinoonekwa pa2111 cm-1, chinoenderana nekudengenyeka kweC=C bond, izvo zvinoratidza kuvapo kwemapoka anoshanda eorganic anoenderana pamusoro pe67 rGO/nZVI. Mamwe makomo anochinja kubva pa1561 kuenda pa1548 cm-1 uye kubva pa1399 kuenda pa1360 cm-1, izvo zvinosimbisawo kuti kudyidzana kweπ-π kunoita basa rakakosha mukunyudzwa kwegraphene nezvinosvibisa zve organic68,69. Mushure mekunyudzwa kweDC, simba remamwe mapoka ane okisijeni, akadai seOH, rakaderera kusvika pa3270 cm-1, izvo zvinoratidza kuti hydrogen bonding ndeimwe yenzira dzekunyudzwa. Saka, zvichibva pamhedzisiro, DC adsorption pane rGO/nZVI composite inoitika zvakanyanya nekuda kwekudyidzana kweπ-π stacking uye H-bonds.
Maitiro ane musoro ekunyudzwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yeDC ne rGO/nZVI uye nZVI complexes (A). FTIR adsorption spectra yeDC pa rGO/nZVI uye nZVI (B).
Kusimba kwemabhendi ekunyudzwa kwenZVI pa3244, 1615, 1546, uye 1011 cm–1 kwakawedzera mushure mekunyudzwa kweDC panZVI (Mufananidzo 10B) zvichienzaniswa nenZVI, izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zvine chekuita nekudyidzana nemapoka anoshanda emapoka ecarboxylic acid O muDC. Zvisinei, chikamu ichi chidiki chekutapurirana mumabhendi ese akaonekwa hachiratidzi shanduko huru mukushanda kweadsorption kwephytosynthetic adsorbent (nZVI) zvichienzaniswa nenZVI isati yanyudzwa. Sekureva kweimwe ongororo yekubvisa DC nenZVI71, apo nZVI inosangana neH2O, maerekitironi anoburitswa uye ipapo H+ inoshandiswa kugadzira hydrogen inoshanda inoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Pakupedzisira, mamwe ma cationic compounds anogamuchira maerekitironi kubva kuhydrogen inoshanda, zvichikonzera -C=N uye -C=C-, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekupatsanuka kwe ring yebenzene.
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-14-2022