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Muri uyu murimo, ibyuma bivanze bya rGO/nZVI byakozwe bwa mbere hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye kandi butangiza ibidukikije hakoreshejwe Sophora y'umuhondo nk'ikintu gigabanya kandi gitera imbaraga kugira ngo hubahirizwe amahame ya chimie "icyatsi", nko gukora imiti idatera ingaruka mbi. Ibikoresho byinshi byakoreshejwe kugira ngo byemeze ko gukora imiti bivanze neza, nka SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, na zeta potential, bigaragaza ko gukora imiti bivanze neza. Ubushobozi bwo gukuraho imiti mishya na nZVI nziza ku bipimo bitandukanye bya antibiyotike ya doxycycline bwagereranyijwe kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka zihuriweho hagati ya rGO na nZVI. Mu gihe cyo gukuraho 25mg L-1, 25°C na 0.05g, igipimo cyo gukuraho imiti bivanze cya nZVI nziza cyari 90%, mu gihe igipimo cyo gukuraho imiti bivanze cya doxycycline cya rGO/nZVI cyageze kuri 94.6%, byemeza ko nZVI na rGO. Uburyo bwo kuvoma buhuye n'uburyo bw'impimbano kandi buhuye neza n'uburyo bwa Freundlich bufite ubushobozi bwo kuvoma ntarengwa bwa 31.61 mg g-1 kuri 25 °C na pH 7. Uburyo bukwiye bwo gukuraho DC bwaratanzwe. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha rGO/nZVI bwari 60% nyuma y'ingendo esheshatu zikurikiranye zo kuvoma.
Ibura ry'amazi n'umwanda ubu ni ikibazo gikomeye ku bihugu byose. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, umwanda w'amazi, cyane cyane umwanda wa antibiyotike, wariyongereye bitewe n'umusaruro n'ikoreshwa ryiyongereye mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-191,2,3. Kubwibyo, guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryiza ryo gukuraho antibiyotike mu mazi yanduye ni igikorwa cyihutirwa.
Imwe muri antibiyotike zirwanya indwara zo mu bwoko bwa tetracycline ni doxycycline (DC)4,5. Byaratangajwe ko ibisigazwa bya DC mu mazi yo munsi y'ubutaka no ku butaka bidashobora guhinduka, 20-50% gusa ni byo bihinduka umubiri, ibisigaye bigasohorwa mu bidukikije, bigatera ibibazo bikomeye ku bidukikije no ku buzima6.
Guhura na DC ku rugero ruto bishobora kwica udukoko two mu mazi turema photosynthesis, bikabangamira ikwirakwira rya bagiteri zirwanya mikorobe, kandi bikongera ubudahangarwa bw’imiti, bityo iyi myanda igomba gukurwa mu mazi yanduye. Kwangirika karemano kwa DC mu mazi ni inzira igenda buhoro cyane. Imikorere ya fiziki-kimike nka fotolize, kubora no kunyuzwa mu mazi ishobora kwangirika gusa iyo ari make kandi ku rugero ruto cyane7,8. Ariko, uburyo buhendutse cyane, bworoshye, butangiza ibidukikije, bworoshye gufata kandi bunoze ni adsorption9,10.
Ubutare bwa Nano zero valent (nZVI) ni ikintu gikomeye cyane gishobora gukuraho imiti myinshi irwanya udukoko mu mazi, harimo metronidazole, diazepam, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, na tetracycline. Ubu bushobozi buterwa n'imiterere itangaje ya nZVI, nko gukora cyane, ubuso bunini, n'ahantu henshi ho gufatanya11. Ariko, nZVI ikunze kwivanga mu mazi bitewe n'imbaraga za van der Wells n'imiterere myinshi ya rukuruzi, ibi bigabanya ubushobozi bwayo mu gukuraho imyanda bitewe no gukora ibice bya okiside bibuza gukora neza kwa nZVI10,12. Guterana kw'uduce twa nZVI bishobora kugabanuka hakoreshejwe guhindura ubuso bwabyo hamwe na surfactants na polymers cyangwa kubivanga n'ibindi bikoresho bya nanomaterials mu buryo bw'ibinyabutabire, byagaragaye ko ari uburyo bwiza bwo kunoza ituze ryabyo mu bidukikije13,14.
Graphene ni igikoresho cya karuboni gifite imiterere ibiri kigizwe na atome za karuboni zivanze za sp2 zishyizwe mu gitereko cy’ubuki. Gifite ubuso bunini, imbaraga zikomeye za mekanike, imikorere myiza ya electrocatalytic, amashanyarazi menshi, electron zigenda vuba, n’ibikoresho bikwiye byo gushyigikira nanoparticles zidakora ku buso bwacyo. Guhuza na nanoparticles z’icyuma na graphene bishobora kurenza cyane inyungu za buri kintu, kandi bitewe n’imiterere yacyo ihebuje ya fiziki n’iya shimi, bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza nanoparticles kugira ngo amazi arusheho kumera neza15.
Ibikomoka ku bimera ni byo bisimbura imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibinyabutabire ikunze gukoreshwa mu gukora oxide ya graphene yagabanutse (rGO) na nZVI kuko biraboneka, bihendutse, bitera intambwe imwe, bidafite ingaruka ku bidukikije, kandi bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bigabanya ubukana. Nka flavonoids n'ibinyabutabire bya phenolic nabyo bikora nk'ibidahungabanya. Kubwibyo, Atriplex halimus L. leaf extract yakoreshejwe nk'ikintu gisana kandi gifunga ikorwa ry'ibinyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI muri ubu bushakashatsi. Atriplex halimus yo mu muryango wa Amaranthaceae ni igihuru kidapfa igihe kirekire gikunda azote gifite imiterere myinshi y'ahantu16.
Dukurikije inyandiko ziboneka, Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu gukora rGO/nZVI composites nk'uburyo bwo guhuza ibidukikije kandi buhendutse. Bityo, intego y'iki gikorwa igizwe n'ibice bine: (1) phytosynthesis ya rGO/nZVI n'imyunyungugu ya nZVI ikomoka ku babyeyi hakoreshejwe A. halimus aquatic leaf extract, (2) gusobanura phytosynthesis hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bwo kwemeza ko yakozwe neza, (3) kwiga ingaruka za rGO na nZVI mu guhuza no gukuraho imyanda ya antibiyotike ya doxycycline hifashishijwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyitunganya, kunoza imiterere y'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha, (3) gusuzuma ibikoresho bivanze mu buryo butandukanye bwo kuvura nyuma yo kuyitunganya.
Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC, MM = 480.90, formula ya shimi C22H24N2O·HCl, 98%), hexahydrate ya chloride y'icyuma (FeCl3.6H2O, 97%), ifu ya grafiti yaguzwe muri Sigma-Aldrich, muri Amerika. Hydroxide ya sodiyumu (NaOH, 97%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%) na aside hydrochloric (HCl, 37%) byaguzwe muri Merck, muri Amerika. NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MnCl2 na MgCl2 byaguzwe muri Tianjin Comio Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ibikoresho byose bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse bwo gusesengura. Amazi yakuwemo kabiri yakoreshejwe mu gutegura ibisubizo byose by'amazi.
Ingero zihariye za A. halimus zakusanyijwe mu duce duto tw’aho batuye mu karere ka Nile Delta no ku nkengero z’inyanja ya Mediterane ya Misiri. Ibimera byakusanyijwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’igihugu n’amahanga akurikizwa17. Porofeseri Manal Fawzi yagaragaje ingero z’ibimera nk’uko bivugwa na Boulos18, kandi Ishami ry’Ubumenyi bw’Ibidukikije rya Kaminuza ya Alexandria ryemerera gukusanya ubwoko bw’ibimera byizweho mu rwego rwa siyansi. Ingero z’ibiciro zibikwa muri Kaminuza ya Tanta Herbarium (TANE), ibiciro nimero 14 122–14 127, ahantu rusange ho gukusanya ibikoresho byabitswe. Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo ukureho umukungugu cyangwa umwanda, gabanya amababi y’ibimera mo uduce duto, woge inshuro 3 ukoresheje robine n’amazi yabugenewe, hanyuma wumishe kuri 50°C. Ikimera cyarashenywe, garama 5 z’ifu nziza zinjizwa muri mililitiro 100 z’amazi yabugenewe hanyuma zivungurwa kuri 70°C mu gihe cy’iminota 20 kugira ngo ubone imvange. Ingano ya Bacillus nicotianae yabonetse yayunguruwe binyuze mu mpapuro za Whatman hanyuma ibikwa mu miyoboro isukuye kandi yasukuwe kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugira ngo ikomeze gukoreshwa.
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1, GO yakozwe mu ifu ya grafiti hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Hummers bwahinduwe. 10 mg y'ifu ya GO yashyizwe mu mazi ya 50 ml ya deionized mu gihe cy'iminota 30 hakoreshejwe sonication, hanyuma 0.9 g ya FeCl3 na 2.9 g ya NaAc bivangwa mu gihe cy'iminota 60. 20 ml y'ibibabi bya atriplex byongewe mu gisubizo cyavanzwe hanyuma bivangwa kuri 80 °C mu gihe cy'amasaha 8. Umukara wavuyemo warayunguruwe. Nanocomposites zateguwe zogejwe na ethanol na bidistilled amazi hanyuma ziyumishwa mu itanura ridafite umwuka kuri 50 °C mu gihe cy'amasaha 12.
Amafoto y’icyitegererezo n’ay’ikoranabuhanga agaragaza ikorwa ry’icyatsi kibisi rya rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes hamwe no gukuraho imiti yica udukoko ya DC mu mazi yanduye hakoreshejwe Atriplex halimus extract.
Muri make, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1, ml 10 z'umuti wa chloride y'icyuma urimo ioni za Fe3+ 0.05 M zongeweho imitobe kuri ml 20 z'umuti wa shaririye mu gihe cy'iminota 60 ushyushye kandi ubyutswa, hanyuma umuti ushyirwa kuri centrifuge ku muvuduko wa 14.000 rpm (Hermle, 15.000 rpm) mu gihe cy'iminota 15 kugira ngo haboneke uduce tw'umukara, hanyuma twozwa inshuro 3 na ethanol n'amazi yaciwe hanyuma tuyumishwa mu itanura ridafite umwuka kuri dogere selisiyusi 60 mu ijoro ryose.
Ibinyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI na nZVI byakozwe mu bimera byagaragajwe na spectroscopy igaragara mu isanzure ry’ikirere (T70/T80 series UV/Vis spectrophotometers, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) mu ntera ya 200-800 nm. Mu gusesengura imiterere n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibinyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI na nZVI, hakoreshejwe spectroscopy ya TEM (JOEL, JEM-2100F, mu Buyapani, umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi wa 200 kV). Mu gusuzuma amatsinda y'imikorere ashobora kugira uruhare mu binyabutabire by'ibimera bishinzwe inzira yo kugarura no gutuza, hakozwe spectroscopy ya FT-IR (JASCO spectrometer iri hagati ya 4000-600 cm-1). Byongeye kandi, hakoreshejwe isesengura rya zeta potential (Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern) mu kwiga imbaraga z'ubuso bw'ibikoresho bya nanomaterial byakozwe. Ku bipimo bya X-ray diffraction by'ibikoresho bya nanomaterial by'ifu, hakoreshejwe X-ray diffractometer (X'PERT PRO, mu Buholandi), ikora ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi (40 mA), voltage (45 kV) mu ntera ya 2θ kuva kuri 20° kugeza 80° na CuKa1 radiation (\(\lambda =\ ) 1.54056 Ao). Spektrometeri ya X-ray dispersive energy dispersive (EDX) (model JEOL JSM-IT100) yari ishinzwe kwiga imiterere y'ibice bya elemental mu gihe cyo gukusanya Al K-α monochromatic X-rays kuva kuri -10 kugeza 1350 eV kuri XPS, ingano y'agace 400 μm K-ALPHA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) ingufu zo kohereza za spectrum yuzuye ni 200 eV naho spectrum nto ni 50 eV. Icyitegererezo cy'ifu gishyirwa ku gikoresho cy'icyitegererezo, gishyirwa mu cyumba cy'ubushyuhe. Spektore ya C1 s yakoreshejwe nk'icyitegererezo kuri 284.58 eV kugira ngo hamenyekane ingufu zihuza.
Igerageza ryo gusongera imyuka ryakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo nanocomposites za rGO/nZVI zakozwe mu gukura doxycycline (DC) mu bisubizo by'amazi. Igerageza ryo gusongera imyuka ryakozwe mu macupa ya Erlenmeyer ya mililitiro 25 ku muvuduko wa 200 rpm kuri orbital shaker (Stuart, Orbital Shaker/SSL1) kuri 298 K. Mu gusongera imyuka ya DC stock (1000 ppm) n'amazi yakuwemo bidistilled. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka z'ingano ya rGO/nSVI ku buryo imyuka ikoreshwa, nanocomposites zifite uburemere butandukanye (0.01–0.07 g) zongewe kuri mililitiro 20 z'umuti wa DC. Kugira ngo higwe kinetics na adsorption isotherms, 0.05 g y'umuti yashyizwe mu gisubizo cy'amazi cya CD hamwe n'ingano ya mbere (25–100 mg L–1). Ingaruka za pH ku gukuraho DC zasuzumwe kuri pH (3–11) naho igipimo cya mbere cya 50 mg L-1 kuri 25°C. Hindura pH y'uburyo wongeramo ingano nto ya HCl cyangwa NaOH (Crison pH meter, pH meter, pH 25). Byongeye kandi, hasuzumwe ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bw'ibizamini ku igerageza rya adsorption riri hagati ya 25-55°C. Ingaruka z'imbaraga za iyoni ku buryo bwo adsorption zasuzumwe hongerwamo igipimo gitandukanye cya NaCl (0.01–4 mol L–1) ku gipimo cya mbere cya DC cya 50 mg L–1, pH 3 na 7), 25°C, n'igipimo cya adsorbent cya 0.05 g. Uburyo DC idahumeka bwapimwe hakoreshejwe spectrophotometer ya UV-Vis (T70/T80 series, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) ifite uburebure bwa cm 1.0 quartz cuvettes ku burebure bwa metero imwe (λmax) bwa nm 270 na 350. Ijanisha ryo gukuraho antibiyotike za DC (R%; Eq. 1) n'ingano ya DC, qt, Eq. 2 (mg/g) byapimwe hakoreshejwe iki gipimo gikurikira.
aho %R ari ubushobozi bwo gukuraho DC (%), Co ni igipimo cya mbere cya DC ku gihe cya 0, na C ni igipimo cya DC ku gihe cya t, uko bikurikirana (mg L-1).
aho qe ari ingano ya DC yinjijwe kuri buri gice cy'uburemere bw'umunyungugu (mg g-1), Co na Ce ni ibipimo biri kuri zeru no kuri equilibrium, uko bikurikirana (mg l-1), V ni ingano y'umuti (l), naho m ikaba reagent y'uburemere bw'umunyungugu (g).
Amashusho ya SEM (Amashusho ya 2A–C) agaragaza imiterere ya lamellar ya rGO/nZVI ivanze n’uduce duto tw’icyuma dukwirakwiriye ku buso bwayo, bigaragaza ko nZVI NPs zifatanye neza n’ubuso bwa rGO. Byongeye kandi, hari iminkanyari mu kibabi cya rGO, byemeza ko amatsinda arimo ogisijeni yakuweho icyarimwe no kugarura A. halimus GO. Iyi minkanyari minini ikora nk'ahantu ho gushyira NPs z’icyuma. Amashusho ya nZVI (Ishusho ya 2D-F) yagaragaje ko NPs z’icyuma zikwirakwiriye cyane kandi ntizateranye, ibyo bikaba biterwa n’imiterere yo gupfuka ibice by’ibimera by’ibimera. Ingano y’uduce yahindukaga hagati ya nm 15–26. Ariko, uturere tumwe na tumwe dufite imiterere ya mesoporous ifite imiterere y’ibibyimba n’ibihoho, bishobora gutanga ubushobozi bwo kongera ubushobozi bwo gufata nZVI, kuko bishobora kongera amahirwe yo gufata molekile za DC ku buso bwa nZVI. Ubwo Rosa Damascus yakoreshwaga mu gukora nZVI, NP zabonetse zari zidafite aho zihuriye, zifite imyanda n'imiterere itandukanye, byagabanyije ubushobozi bwazo mu gukurura Cr(VI) kandi byongera igihe cyo gukora 23. Ibisubizo birahuye na nZVI yakozwe mu mababi ya oak na mulberry, ahanini ari uduce duto tw’umubumbe dufite ingano zitandukanye za nanometer nta ihuriro rigaragara.
Amashusho ya SEM y'ibice bya rGO/nZVI (AC), nZVI (D, E) n'imiterere ya EDX y'ibice bya nZVI/rGO (G) na nZVI (H).
Ibigize imiterere y’ibinyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI na nZVI byakozwe n’ibimera byizwe hakoreshejwe EDX (Ishusho ya 2G, H). Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko nZVI igizwe na karuboni (38.29% ku buremere), ogisijeni (47.41% ku buremere) na icyuma (11.84% ku buremere), ariko hari n’ibindi bintu nka fosifore24, bishobora kuboneka mu bimera. Byongeye kandi, igipimo kinini cya karuboni na ogisijeni biterwa no kuba hari imiti mvaruganda ikomoka ku bimera mu bipimo bya nZVI biri munsi y’ubuso. Ibi bintu bikwirakwizwa ku buryo bungana kuri rGO ariko mu bipimo bitandukanye: C (39.16 wt %), O (46.98 wt %) na Fe (10.99 wt %), EDX rGO/nZVI nayo igaragaza ko hari ibindi bintu nka S, bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n’ibinyabutabire by’ibimera, bikoreshwa. Igipimo cya C:O ubu n'ingano y'icyuma kiri mu gice cya rGO/nZVI hakoreshejwe A. halimus ni byiza cyane kuruta gukoresha ikivange cy'amababi ya eucalyptus, kuko kiranga imiterere ya C (23.44 wt.%), O (68.29 wt.% ) na Fe (8.27 wt.%). wt %) 25. Nataša et al., 2022 batangaje imiterere nk'iyi ya nZVI yakozwe mu mababi ya oak na mulberry kandi bemeje ko amatsinda ya polyphenol n'izindi molekile ziri mu kivange cy'amababi ari byo bigira uruhare mu kugabanya.
Imiterere ya nZVI ikorerwa mu bimera (Ishusho ya S2A, B) yari uruziga kandi idafite aho ihuriye, ifite ingano y’uduce twa 23.09 ± 3.54 nm, ariko imiterere y’uruhererekane yagaragaye bitewe n’imbaraga za van der Waals na ferromagnetism. Iyi miterere y’uduce twinshi duto n’uduto ihuye neza n’ibyavuye muri SEM. Ibi nk’ibyo byagaragaye na Abdelfatah et al. mu 2021 ubwo hakoreshwaga ikivange cy’amababi ya castor bean mu gukora nZVI11. Ikivange cy’amababi ya Ruelas tuberosa NPs gikoreshwa nk’ikintu gigabanya muri nZVI gifite imiterere y’uruziga ifite umurambararo wa 20 kugeza 40 nm26.
Amashusho ya Hybrid rGO/nZVI Composite TEM (Ishusho ya S2C-D) yagaragaje ko rGO ari urwego rw'ibanze rufite imikunjo n'iminkanyari bitanga ahantu henshi ho gushyira nZVI NPs; iyi miterere ya lamellar nayo yemeza ko rGO yakozwe neza. Byongeye kandi, nZVI NPs zifite imiterere y'uruziga ifite ingano y'uduce kuva kuri 5.32 kugeza kuri 27 nm kandi zishyirwa mu cyiciro cya rGO hamwe n'uburyo bungana. Ibabi rya eucalyptus ryakoreshejwe mu gukora Fe NPs/rGO; Ibisubizo bya TEM kandi byemeza ko iminkanyari mu gice cya rGO yongereye uburyo Fe NPs zikwirakwira kurusha Fe NPs zuzuye kandi yongera ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bivanze. Ibisubizo nk'ibyo byabonetse na Bagheri et al. 28 ubwo ibyo bivanze byakorwaga hakoreshejwe tekiniki za ultrasonic zifite ingano y'icyuma ya nanoparticle ingana na 17.70 nm.
Ishusho ya FTIR ya A. halimus, nZVI, GO, rGO, na rGO/nZVI igaragara ku ishusho ya 3A. Kuba hari amatsinda akora ku buso bw'amababi ya A. halimus bigaragara kuri 3336 cm-1, bihuye na polyphenols, na 1244 cm-1, bihuye n'amatsinda ya karuboni akorwa na poroteyine. Andi matsinda nka alkanes kuri 2918 cm-1, alkenes kuri 1647 cm-1 na CO-O-CO extension kuri 1030 cm-1 na yo yagaragaye, bigaragaza ko hari ibice by'ibimera bikora nk'ibikoresho byo gufunga kandi bishinzwe kugarura kuva kuri Fe2+ kugeza kuri Fe0 na GO kugeza kuri rGO29. Muri rusange, incamake ya nZVI igaragaza uburebure bumwe bw'isukari isharira, ariko ifite aho ihurira gato. Umugozi ukomeye ugaragara kuri cm 3244-1 ujyanye n'imitingito yo kugorama ya OH (phenols), uburebure kuri 1615 buhwanye na C=C, kandi imigozi kuri cm 1546 na 1011-1 ivuka bitewe no kugorama kwa C=O (polyphenols na flavonoids), amatsinda ya CN ya amines aromatic na amines aliphatic nayo yagaragaye kuri cm 1310-1 na cm 1190-1, uko bikurikirana13. Imiterere ya FTIR ya GO igaragaza ko hari amatsinda menshi afite ogisijeni nyinshi, harimo umugozi wo kugorama wa alkoxy (CO) kuri cm 1041-1, umugozi wo kugorama wa epoxy (CO) kuri cm 1291-1, umugozi wa C=O. hagaragaye agace k'imitingito yo kugabanya C=C kuri cm1 1619, agace k'umugongo kuri cm1 1708 n'agace kagari k'imitingito yo kugabanya OH kuri cm1 3384, ibyo byemezwa n'uburyo bwa Hummers bwavuguruwe, butuma imikorere ya grafiti ikora neza. Iyo ugereranije rGO na rGO/nZVI bivanze na GO spectra, imbaraga z'amatsinda amwe arimo ogisijeni, nka OH kuri cm1 3270, ziragabanuka cyane, mu gihe andi, nka C=O kuri cm1 1729, aragabanuka burundu, bigaragaza ko amatsinda akora arimo ogisijeni yakuweho neza muri GO na A. halimus extract. Imisozo mishya iranga rGO kuri C=C tension igaragara ahagana kuri cm1 1560 na 1405, ibi byemeza ko GO yagabanutse kuri rGO. Impinduka hagati ya cm 1043 na cm 1015 na cm 982 na cm 918 zagaragaye, bishoboka ko byatewe no kuba hari ibikoresho by'ibimera31,32. Weng n'abandi, 2018 nabo babonye ko amatsinda y'imikorere afite ogisijeni yagabanutse cyane muri GO, byemeza ko rGO yabayeho neza binyuze mu kugabanya imiterere y'ibinyabuzima, kubera ko ibikomoka ku mababi ya eucalyptus, byakoreshejwe mu gukora ibigize icyuma cya graphene oxide cyagabanutse, byagaragaje neza FTIR spectra y'amatsinda y'imikorere y'ibimera.33.
A. Ishusho ya FTIR ya gallium, nZVI, rGO, GO, rGO/nZVI (A). Incamake ya Roentgenogrammy rGO, GO, nZVI na rGO/nZVI (B).
Ikorwa rya rGO/nZVI na nZVI byashimangiwe cyane n’imiterere ya X-ray diffraction (Ishusho ya 3B). Impera ya Fe0 ifite ubukana bwinshi yagaragaye kuri 2Ɵ 44.5°, ihuye n’ikimenyetso (110) (JCPDS no. 06–0696)11. Indi mpera kuri 35.1° y’indege ya (311) iterwa na magnetite Fe3O4, 63.2° ishobora kuba ifitanye isano na Miller index y’indege ya (440) bitewe no kuba hari ϒ-FeOOH (JCPDS no. 17-0536)34. Imiterere ya X-ray ya GO igaragaza impera ikarishye kuri 2Ɵ 10.3° n’indi mpera kuri 21.1°, bigaragaza ko grafiti yakuweho burundu kandi ikagaragaza ko hari amatsinda arimo ogisijeni ku buso bwa GO35. Imiterere y’ibice bya rGO na rGO/nZVI yanditse ko imisozi ya GO yazimye ndetse n’ishyirwaho ry’imisozi miremire ya rGO kuri dogere 2Ɵ 22.17 na 24.7 kuri rGO na rGO/nZVI, uko bikurikirana, byemeza ko GO yakize neza hakoreshejwe ibikomoka ku bimera. Ariko, mu miterere ya rGO/nZVI, imisozi y’inyongera ifitanye isano n’umurongo wa Fe0 (110) na bcc Fe0 (200) yagaragaye kuri dogere 44.9\(^\circ\) na 65.22\(^\circ\), uko bikurikirana.
Ingufu za zeta ni ubushobozi buri hagati y’urwego rwa ionic rufatanye n’ubuso bw’agace k’umunyu n’amazi aturuka mu mazi agena imiterere y’amashanyarazi y’ikintu kandi agapima ubusugire bwacyo37. Isesengura rya Zeta rijyanye n’ibinyabutabire bya nZVI, GO, na rGO/nZVI byakozwe n’ibimera ryagaragaje ubusugire bwabyo bitewe n’uko hari charges mbi za -20.8, -22, na -27.4 mV, ku buso bwabyo, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya S1A-C. . Ibisubizo nk’ibi bihuye na raporo nyinshi zivuga ko ibisubizo birimo uduce dufite agaciro ka zeta potential kari munsi ya -25 mV muri rusange bigaragaza ubusugire bwinshi bitewe no gukurura electrostatic hagati y’utwo duce. Guhuza rGO na nZVI bituma electrostatic ibona charges mbi nyinshi bityo ikaba ifite ubusugire bwinshi kurusha GO cyangwa nZVI yonyine. Kubwibyo, ikintu cyo gukurura electrostatic bizatuma habaho composites za rGO/nZVI39 zihamye. Ubuso bubi bwa GO butuma ikwirakwizwa neza mu buryo bungana mu mazi nta guhurirana, ibyo bikaba bitanga imiterere myiza yo gukorana na nZVI. Ingufu mbi zishobora kuba zifitanye isano no kuba hari amatsinda atandukanye y’imikorere mu gicuruzwa cy’umukara w’ikigega, ibyo bikaba byemeza kandi imikoranire hagati ya GO n’ibice bibanziriza icyuma n’igicuruzwa cy’ibimera kugira ngo bikore rGO na nZVI, hamwe n’urusobe rwa rGO/nZVI. Ibi bimera bishobora kandi gukora nk’ibifunga, kuko bibuza kwishyira hamwe kw’uduce duto tw’ibimera bityo bikongera ubusugire bwabyo40.
Imiterere y'ibice n'imiterere ya valence by'ibice bya nZVI na rGO/nZVI byagenwe na XPS (Ishusho ya 4). Inyigo rusange ya XPS yagaragaje ko ibice bya rGO/nZVI bigizwe ahanini n'ibice C, O, na Fe, bihuye n'igenamiterere rya EDS (Ishusho ya 4F–H). Ibice bya C1 bigizwe n'ibice bitatu kuri 284.59 eV, 286.21 eV na 288.21 eV bihagarariye CC, CO na C=O, uko bikurikirana. Ibice bya O1 byagabanijwemo ibice bitatu, birimo 531.17 eV, 532.97 eV, na 535.45 eV, byashyizwe mu matsinda ya O=CO, CO, na NO, uko bikurikirana. Ariko, ibice bya 710.43, 714.57 na 724.79 eV bivuga Fe 2p3/2, Fe+3 na Fe p1/2, uko bikurikirana. Ibipimo bya XPS bya nZVI (Ishusho ya 4C-E) byagaragaje imisozi miremire y’ibice C, O, na Fe. Imisozo kuri 284.77, 286.25, na 287.62 eV byemeza ko hari ibyuma bivanze na karuboni, nk’uko byerekeza kuri CC, C-OH, na CO, uko bikurikirana. Imiterere ya O1s yahuye n’imiraba itatu ya C–O/karuboni y’icyuma (531.19 eV), hydroxyl radical (532.4 eV) na O–C=O (533.47 eV). Imisozo kuri 719.6 iterwa na Fe0, mu gihe FeOOH igaragaza imisozi miremire kuri 717.3 na 723.7 eV, byongeye kandi, imiraba iri kuri 725.8 eV igaragaza ko hari Fe2O342.43.
Inyigo za XPS ku nZVI na rGO/nZVI, uko bikurikirana (A, B). Imiterere yuzuye ya nZVI C1s (C), Fe2p (D), na O1s (E) na rGO/nZVI C1s (F), Fe2p (G), O1s (H).
Isotherm ya N2 adsorption/desorption (Ishusho ya 5A, B) igaragaza ko inyongeramusaruro za nZVI na rGO/nZVI ziri mu bwoko bwa II. Byongeye kandi, ubuso bwihariye (SBET) bwa nZVI bwiyongereye kuva kuri 47.4549 bugera kuri 152.52 m2/g nyuma yo gupfuka hakoreshejwe rGO. Ibi bisobanuro bishobora gusobanurwa no kugabanuka k'imiterere ya rukuruzi ya nZVI nyuma yo gupfuka hakoreshejwe rGO, bityo bikagabanya ukwishyira hamwe kw'uduce duto no kongera ubuso bw'inyongeramusaruro. Byongeye kandi, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5C, ingano y'umuyoboro (8.94 nm) wa rGO/nZVI igizwe ni hejuru y'iya nZVI y'umwimerere (2.873 nm). Ibi bihuye na El-Monaem et al. 45.
Kugira ngo hasuzumwe ubushobozi bwo gukuramo DC hagati y’ibinyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI na nZVI y’umwimerere bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ibinyabutabire bya mbere, hakozwe igereranya ryongeraho dose ihoraho ya buri kinyabutabire (0.05 g) kuri DC ku bipimo bitandukanye bya mbere. Umuti wakoreweho ubushakashatsi [25]. –100 mg l–1] kuri 25°C. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo gukuramo (94.6%) bw’ibinyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI bwari hejuru kurusha ubwa nZVI y’umwimerere (90%) ku bipimo biri hasi (25 mg L-1). Ariko, ubwo igipimo cyo gutangira cyongerwaga kikagera kuri 100 mg L-1, ubushobozi bwo gukuramo rGO/nZVI na nZVI y’ababyeyi bwagabanutse bukagera kuri 70% na 65%, uko bikurikirana (Ishusho ya 6A), bishobora guterwa n’ahantu hake hakora no kwangirika kw’uduce twa nZVI. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, rGO/nZVI yagaragaje ubushobozi bwo gukuraho DC, bishobora guterwa n'ingaruka nziza hagati ya rGO na nZVI, aho ahantu hahamye haboneka ho gukurura ari henshi cyane, kandi ku bijyanye na rGO/nZVI, DC nyinshi zishobora gukururwa kurusha nZVI isanzwe. Byongeye kandi, ku ishusho ya 6B bigaragaza ko ubushobozi bwo gukurura rGO/nZVI na nZVI byazamutse kuva kuri 9.4 mg/g kugera kuri 30 mg/g na 9 mg/g, uko bikurikirana, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'igipimo cya mbere kuva kuri 25–100 mg/L. -1.1 kugeza kuri 28.73 mg g-1. Kubwibyo, igipimo cyo gukuraho DC cyari gifitanye isano ribi n'igipimo cya mbere cya DC, byatewe n'umubare muto w'ibigo bya reaction bishyigikiwe na buri muyoboro wo gukurura no gukuraho DC mu gisubizo. Bityo, bivuye muri ibi bisubizo, bishobora kwemezwa ko rGO/nZVI composites zifite ubushobozi bwo kongera kwinjiza no kugabanya, kandi rGO mu bigize rGO/nZVI ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ikintu gikurura umwuka ndetse n'igikoresho gitwara.
Ubushobozi bwo gukuraho hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza DC kuri rGO/nZVI na nZVI byari (A, B) [Co = 25 mg l-1–100 mg l-1, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g], pH. ku bushobozi bwo kwinjiza hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gukuraho DC kuri rGO/nZVI composites (C) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 3–11, T = 25°C, dose = 0.05 g].
pH y'umuti ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kwiga inzira zo guhumeka, kuko bigira ingaruka ku rugero rwa ionization, speciation, na ionization ya adsorbent. Igerageza ryakozwe kuri 25°C hamwe n'igipimo gihoraho cya adsorbent (0.05 g) n'igipimo cya mbere cya 50 mg L-1 mu rugero rwa pH (3–11). Dukurikije isuzuma ry'inyandiko46, DC ni molekile ikora mu kirere ifite amatsinda menshi ashobora guhumeka (phenols, amine groups, alcohols) ku rugero rwa pH rutandukanye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imikorere itandukanye ya DC n'imiterere bifitanye isano ku buso bwa rGO/nZVI ivanze ishobora gukorana mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki kandi ishobora kubaho nka cations, zwitterions, na anions, molekile ya DC ibaho nka cationic (DCH3+) kuri pH <3.3, zwitterion (DCH20) 3.3 < pH <7.7 na anionic (DCH− cyangwa DC2−) kuri PH 7.7. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imikorere itandukanye ya DC n'imiterere bifitanye isano ku buso bwa rGO/nZVI ivanze ishobora gukorana mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki kandi ishobora kubaho nka cations, zwitterions, na anions, molekile ya DC ibaho nka cationic (DCH3+) kuri pH <3.3, zwitterion (DCH20) 3.3 < pH <7.7 na anionic (DCH- cyangwa DC2-) kuri PH 7.7. В резулькаттате различныеункции ДК и связанных с ним на на поверхности Козозита rGO / nZVI могут вазимодействовать мырстатически и могут существовать в ва ва вато в в в в в в в о в о (DCH3 +) при рН <3,3, цвиттер-ионный (DCH20) 3,3
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku kwinjiza amazi ya DC zakozwe kuri (25–55°C). Ishusho ya 7A igaragaza ingaruka z'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe ku buryo bwo gukuraho imiti ya antibiyotike ya DC kuri rGO/nZVI, biragaragara ko ubushobozi bwo gukuraho n'ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza byazamutse kuva kuri 83.44% na 13.9 mg/g bigera kuri 47% na 7.83 mg/g., uko bikurikirana. Uku kugabanuka gukomeye gushobora guterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'ingufu z'ubushyuhe bwa DC ions, bigatera kubura amazi47.
Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku buryo bwo gukuraho no gukurura CD ku binyabutabire bya rGO/nZVI (A) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, Igipimo = 0.05 g], Igipimo cyo gukuraho no gukurura CD Ingaruka z'ubwinshi bw'ibanze ku bushobozi bwo gukuraho no gukurura DC ku binyabutabire bya rGO/nSVI (B) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25°C] (C, D) [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, igipimo = 0.05 g].
Ingaruka zo kongera igipimo cya rGO/nZVI kuva kuri 0.01 g kugeza kuri 0.07 g ku bushobozi bwo gukuraho no gukurura ibinyabutabire bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 7B. Kongera igipimo cya rGO/nZVI byatumye ubushobozi bwo gukurura ibinyabutabire bugabanuka kuva kuri 33.43 mg/g kugera kuri 6.74 mg/g. Ariko, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’igipimo cya rGO/nZVI kuva kuri 0.01 g kugera kuri 0.07 g, ubushobozi bwo gukuraho buzamuka kuva kuri 66.8% kugeza kuri 96%, ibi bikaba bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no kwiyongera k’umubare w’ahantu hakora ku buso bwa nanocomposite.
Ingaruka z'icyitegererezo cya mbere ku bushobozi bwo kuvoma no gukuraho neza [25–100 mg L-1, 25°C, pH 7, dose 0.05 g] zakoreweho ubushakashatsi. Ubwo icyitegererezo cya mbere cyongerewe kuva kuri 25 mg L-1 kugeza kuri 100 mg L-1, igipimo cyo gukuraho cya rGO/nZVI cyagabanutse kuva kuri 94.6% kugera kuri 65% (Ishusho ya 7C), birashoboka ko byatewe no kubura ahantu hifuzwa hakora. . Inyunyuza ibipimo byinshi bya DC49. Ku rundi ruhande, uko icyitegererezo cya mbere cyagendaga cyiyongera, ubushobozi bwo kunyunyuza nabwo bwariyongereye kuva kuri 9.4 mg/g kugera kuri 30 mg/g kugeza igihe uburinganire bugeze (Ishusho ya 7D). Iki gikorwa kidasubirwaho giterwa no kwiyongera kw'imbaraga zitwara hamwe n'icyitegererezo cya mbere cya DC kiruta kurenza DC ion mass transfer resistance kugera ku buso bwa 50 bwa rGO/nZVI composite.
Igihe cyo gukoranaho n'inyigo za kinetiki bigamije gusobanukirwa igihe cyo gukoranaho. Ubwa mbere, ingano ya DC yashyizwe mu minota 40 ya mbere y'igihe cyo gukoranaho yari hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'ingano yose yashyizwe mu gihe cyose (iminota 100). Mu gihe molekile za DC ziri mu gisubizo zihura bigatuma zijya vuba ku buso bwa rGO/nZVI bivamo koroshya cyane. Nyuma y'iminota 40, DC yashyizwe mu buryo bwo gukoranaho yariyongereye buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe cyo gukoranaho cyageze nyuma y'iminota 60 (Ishusho ya 7D). Kubera ko ingano ikwiye yashyizwe mu buryo mu minota 40 ya mbere, hazabaho gukubitana guke na molekile za DC kandi hazabaho ahantu hake hakora ho molekile zitashyizwe mu buryo. Kubwibyo, igipimo cyo gukoranaho gishobora kugabanuka51.
Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza uburyo bwo kuyungurura amazi, hakoreshejwe imirongo y’imiterere ya pseudo first order (Ishusho ya 8A), pseudo second order (Ishusho ya 8B), na Elovich (Ishusho ya 8C). Mu bipimo byabonetse mu bushakashatsi bwa kinetic (Imbonerahamwe ya S1), biragaragara ko moderi ya pseudosecond ari yo moderi nziza yo gusobanura uburyo bwo kuyungurura amazi, aho agaciro ka R2 kashyizwe hejuru ugereranyije n’izindi moderi ebyiri. Hari kandi isano iri hagati y’ubushobozi bwa adsorption bwabazwe (qe, cal). Urutonde rwa pseudo-second hamwe n’agaciro k’igerageza (qe, exp.) ni ibindi bimenyetso bigaragaza ko imiterere ya pseudo-second ari moderi nziza ugereranyije n’izindi moderi. Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, agaciro ka α (igipimo cya mbere cyo kuyungurura amazi) na β (igipimo cya desorption constant) byemeza ko igipimo cya adsorption kiri hejuru ugereranyije n’igipimo cya desorption, bigaragaza ko DC ikunda kyungurura amazi neza kuri rGO/nZVI52 composite. .
Imiterere y'ikinyabutabire y'uburyo bwa pseudo-second (A), pseudo-first order (B) na Elovich (C) [Co = 25–100 mg l–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g].
Inyigo za isotherm zo guterura amazi zifasha kumenya ubushobozi bwo guterura amazi (RGO/nRVI composite) ku bushyuhe butandukanye bwa adsorbate (DC) n'ubushyuhe bwa sisitemu. Ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo guterura amazi bwabazwe hakoreshejwe isotherm ya Langmuir, byagaragaje ko guterura amazi byari bihuye kandi harimo no gukora urwego rumwe rw'adsorbate ku buso bwa adsorbent nta gukorana hagati yazo53. Izindi moderi ebyiri za isotherm zikoreshwa cyane ni moderi za Freundlich na Temkin. Nubwo moderi ya Freundlich idakoreshwa mu kubara ubushobozi bwo guterura amazi, ifasha gusobanukirwa inzira yo guterura amazi itandukanye kandi ko imyanya iri ku adsorbent ifite ingufu zitandukanye, mu gihe moderi ya Temkin ifasha gusobanukirwa imiterere ya fiziki n'iya chimique ya adsorption54.
Imiterere ya 9A-C igaragaza imirongo y'ibishushanyo bya Langmuir, Freindlich, na Temkin, uko bikurikirana. Agaciro ka R2 kabazwe uhereye ku mirongo ya Freundlich (Ishusho ya 9A) na Langmuir (Ishusho ya 9B) kandi kagaragajwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 2 kerekana ko DC adsorption kuri rGO/nZVI composite ikurikiza Freundlich (0.996) na Langmuir (0.988) isotherm models na Temkin (0.985). Ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo adsorption (qmax), bwabazwe hakoreshejwe Langmuir isotherm models, bwari 31.61 mg g-1. Byongeye kandi, agaciro kabazwe k'ikigereranyo kitagira ingano (RL) kari hagati ya 0 na 1 (0.097), bigaragaza inzira nziza yo adsorption. Bitabaye ibyo, Freundlich constant yabazwe (n = 2.756) yerekana ko iyi nzira yo kwinjizamo ikunda gukoreshwa. Dukurikije icyitegererezo cy’umurongo wa Temkin isotherm (Ishusho ya 9C), guhumeka kwa DC kuri rGO/nZVI ni inzira yo guhumeka, kubera ko b ari ˂ 82 kJ mol-1 (0.408)55. Nubwo guhumeka ku mubiri akenshi biyoborwa n’imbaraga nke za van der Waals, guhumeka ku muyoboro wa rGO/nZVI bisaba ingufu nke zo guhumeka [56, 57].
Freundlich (A), Langmuir (B), na Temkin (C) isotherms zo kunyuzamo amazi zigororotse [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g]. Igishushanyo mbonera cya van't Hoff cyerekana uburyo DC adsorption inyuzwamo rGO/nZVI composites (D) [Co = 25–100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25–55 °C n'uburyo = 0.05 g].
Kugira ngo harebwe ingaruka z'impinduka z'ubushyuhe bw'impinduka ku gukuraho kwa DC muri rGO/nZVI composites, ibipimo bya thermodynamic nka entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH), na free energy change (ΔG) byabazwe hakurikijwe ikigereranyo cya 3 na 458.
aho \({K}_{e}\)=\(\frac{{C}_{Ae}}{{C}_{e}}\) – termodynamic equilibrium constant, Ce na CAe – rGO mu gisubizo, uko bikurikirana /nZVI DC concentrations ku bushyuhe bw'ubuso. R na RT ni gazi constant na adsorption bustantially. Gushushanya ln Ke kuri 1/T bitanga umurongo ugororotse (Ishusho ya 9D) aho ∆S na ∆H bishobora kumenyekana.
Agaciro ka ΔH kari hasi kagaragaza ko inzira ari exothermic. Ku rundi ruhande, agaciro ka ΔH kari mu nzira yo kuyungurura imiterere y'umubiri. Agaciro ka ΔG kari hasi kari mu mbonerahamwe ya 3 kagaragaza ko kuyungurura bishoboka kandi ko ari mu buryo bwihuse. Agaciro ka ΔS kari hasi kagaragaza ko molekile ziyungurura imiterere y'amazi zitunganijwe ku rugero rwo hejuru (Imbonerahamwe ya 3).
Imbonerahamwe ya 4 igereranya ingano ya rGO/nZVI n'izindi nyunganizi zavuzwe mu bushakashatsi bwabanje. Biragaragara ko ingano ya VGO/nCVI ifite ubushobozi bwo kunyunganizi bwinshi kandi ishobora kuba ibikoresho byiza byo gukuraho antibiyotike za DC mu mazi. Byongeye kandi, kunyunganizi za rGO/nZVI ni inzira yihuta ifite igihe cyo kuringaniza iminota 60. Imiterere myiza yo kunyunganizi za rGO/nZVI ishobora gusobanurwa n'ingaruka nziza za rGO na nZVI.
Ishusho ya 10A, B igaragaza uburyo bwo gukuraho imiti yica udukoko ya DC hakoreshejwe rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku ngaruka za pH ku mikorere ya DC adsorption, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bwa pH kuva kuri 3 kugeza kuri 7, DC adsorption kuri rGO/nZVI composite ntiyagenzuwe n’imikorere ya electrostatic interactions, kuko yakoraga nka zwitterion; bityo rero, impinduka mu gaciro ka pH ntizagize ingaruka ku mikorere ya adsorption. Nyuma yaho, uburyo adsorption ikoreshwa bushobora kugenzurwa n’imikoranire idashingiye kuri electrostatic interactions nko guhuza hydrogen, ingaruka za hydrophobic, no guhuza π-π stacking interactions hagati ya rGO/nZVI composite na DC66. Birazwi neza ko uburyo aromatic adsorbates ku buso bwa graphene yashyizwemo byasobanuwe na π-π stacking interactions nk’imbaraga nyamukuru itera. Composite ni ibikoresho bifite urwego rusa na graphene bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza kuri 233 nm bitewe n’impinduka ya π-π*. Dushingiye ku kuba hari impeta enye zihumura neza mu miterere ya molekile ya DC adsorbate, twatekereje ko hari uburyo bwo guhuza π-π hagati ya aromatic DC (π-electron acceptor) n'akarere gakungahaye kuri π-electrons ku buso bwa RGO. /nZVI composites. Byongeye kandi, nk'uko bigaragara ku ishusho ya 10B, ubushakashatsi bwa FTIR bwakozwe kugira ngo bwige imikoranire ya molekile ya rGO/nZVI composites na DC, kandi spectra ya FTIR ya rGO/nZVI composites nyuma yo gusongesha DC igaragara ku ishusho ya 10B. 10b. Isonga rishya ryagaragaye kuri 2111 cm-1, rihuye n'ihindagurika ry'umugozi wa C=C, bigaragaza ko hari amatsinda y'imikorere y'ibinyabuzima ajyanye nayo ku buso bwa 67 rGO/nZVI. Izindi nsongero ziva kuri cm 1561 zijya kuri cm 1548 no kuva kuri cm 1399 zijya kuri cm 1360, ibi kandi byemeza ko imikoranire ya π-π igira uruhare runini mu kwinjiza graphene n'imyanda ihumanya ikirere68,69. Nyuma yo kwinjiza DC, imbaraga z'amatsinda amwe arimo ogisijeni, nka OH, zaragabanutse zigera kuri cm 3270-1, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko guhuza hydrogen ari imwe mu nzira zo kwinjiza. Bityo, hashingiwe ku bisubizo, kwinjiza DC kuri rGO/nZVI bigizwe ahanini n'imikoranire ya π-π stacking na H-bonds.
Uburyo bwo kwinjiza imiti ya antibiyotike ya DC hakoreshejwe rGO/nZVI na nZVI complexes (A). Uburyo bwo kwinjiza imiti ya DC ya FTIR kuri rGO/nZVI na nZVI (B).
Ubukana bw'imirongo yo kwinjiza nZVI kuri 3244, 1615, 1546, na 1011 cm–1 bwiyongereye nyuma yo kwinjiza DC kuri nZVI (Ishusho ya 10B) ugereranije na nZVI, byagombye kuba bifitanye isano n'imikoranire n'amatsinda ashobora kuba akorana n'amatsinda ya aside O muri DC. Ariko, iri janisha rito ry'ikwirakwizwa mu mirongo yose yagaragaye rigaragaza ko nta mpinduka nini mu mikorere yo kwinjiza phytosynthetic adsorbent (nZVI) ugereranije na nZVI mbere yo kwinjiza. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwo gukuraho DC kuri nZVI71, iyo nZVI ikoze kuri H2O, electron zirarekurwa hanyuma H+ igakoreshwa mu gukora hydrogen ikora ishobora kugabanuka cyane. Amaherezo, bimwe mu bintu bya cationic byakira electron ziva kuri hydrogen ikora, bigatera -C=N na -C=C-, bikomoka ku gucikamo ibice kw'impeta ya benzene.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-14-2022