M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chidwi chachikulu chaperekedwa ku graphene ya supermaterial. Koma graphene ndi chiyani? Tangoganizirani chinthu chomwe chili champhamvu kwambiri kuposa chitsulo nthawi 200, koma chopepuka nthawi 1000 kuposa pepala.
Mu 2004, asayansi awiri ochokera ku yunivesite ya Manchester, Andrei Geim ndi Konstantin Novoselov, "anasewera" ndi graphite. Inde, chinthu chomwecho chomwe mumapeza pa nsonga ya pensulo. Anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa za chinthucho ndipo ankafuna kudziwa ngati chingachotsedwe mu gawo limodzi. Choncho adapeza chida chachilendo: tepi ya duct.
“Mumaika [tepi] pamwamba pa graphite kapena mica kenako n’kuchotsa wosanjikiza wapamwamba,” Heim adafotokozera BBC. Zidutswa za graphite zimauluka kuchokera pa tepi. Kenako pindani tepi pakati ndikuimamatira pa pepala lapamwamba, kenako n’kuzilekanitsanso. Kenako mumabwereza izi ka 10 kapena 20.
"Nthawi iliyonse ma flakes amasweka n’kukhala ma flakes owonda komanso opyapyala. Pamapeto pake, ma flakes owonda kwambiri amatsala pa lamba. Umasungunula tepi ndipo chilichonse chimasungunuka."
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, njira ya tepiyi inagwira ntchito zodabwitsa. Kuyesera kosangalatsa kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti papezeke ma graphene flakes a single-layer.
Mu 2010, Heim ndi Novoselov adalandira Mphoto ya Nobel mu Fiziki chifukwa chopeza graphene, chinthu chopangidwa ndi maatomu a kaboni omwe adakonzedwa mu lattice ya hexagonal, yofanana ndi waya wa nkhuku.
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe graphene imakhalira yodabwitsa ndi kapangidwe kake. Gawo limodzi la graphene loyera limawoneka ngati gawo la maatomu a kaboni okonzedwa mu kapangidwe ka hexagonal lattice. Kapangidwe ka uchi wa atomu kameneka kamapatsa graphene mphamvu yake yodabwitsa.
Graphene ndi nyenyezi yamagetsi. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, imayendetsa magetsi bwino kuposa china chilichonse.
Kodi mukukumbukira maatomu a kaboni omwe tidakambirana? Chabwino, iliyonse ili ndi elekitironi yowonjezera yotchedwa pi electron. Elekitironi iyi imayenda momasuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti iyendetse ma conduction kudzera m'magawo angapo a graphene popanda kukana kwambiri.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa graphene ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) wapeza chinthu chachilendo kwambiri: mukangozungulira pang'ono (madigiri 1.1 okha) zigawo ziwiri za graphene molakwika, graphene imakhala superconductor.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti imatha kuyendetsa magetsi popanda kukana kapena kutentha, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi wosangalatsa wa superconductivity mtsogolo kutentha kwa chipinda.
Chimodzi mwa ntchito zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kwambiri za graphene chili m'mabatire. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yoyendetsa bwino magetsi, timatha kupanga mabatire a graphene omwe amachaja mwachangu komanso nthawi yayitali kuposa mabatire amakono a lithiamu-ion.
Makampani ena akuluakulu monga Samsung ndi Huawei ayamba kale kuchita izi, cholinga chawo ndi kuyambitsa kupita patsogolo kumeneku mu zida zathu za tsiku ndi tsiku.
"Pofika chaka cha 2024, tikuyembekezera kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi graphene ikhale pamsika," adatero Andrea Ferrari, mkulu wa Cambridge Graphene Center komanso wofufuza ku Graphene Flagship, pulogalamu yoyendetsedwa ndi European Graphene. Kampaniyo ikuyika ndalama zokwana mayuro 1 biliyoni m'mapulojekiti ogwirizana. Mgwirizanowu ukufulumizitsa chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa graphene.
Ogwira ntchito limodzi ndi Flagship ofufuza akupanga kale mabatire a graphene omwe amapereka mphamvu yochulukirapo ndi 20% komanso mphamvu yochulukirapo ndi 15% kuposa mabatire abwino kwambiri amakono omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Magulu ena apanga maselo a dzuwa omwe ali ndi graphene omwe ndi othandiza kwambiri 20% posintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi.
Ngakhale pali zinthu zina zoyambirira zomwe zagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya graphene, monga zida zamasewera za Head, zabwino kwambiri zikubwera. Monga momwe Ferrari adanenera: "Timalankhula za graphene, koma kwenikweni tikulankhula za njira zambiri zomwe zikuphunziridwa. Zinthu zikuyenda bwino."
Nkhaniyi yasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa luntha lochita kupanga, yawunikidwa, ndikusinthidwa ndi akonzi a HowStuffWorks.
Kampani yopanga zida zamasewera ya Head yagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodabwitsazi. Raketi yawo ya tenisi ya Graphene XT imati ndi yopepuka ndi 20% pa kulemera komweko. Uwu ndi ukadaulo wosintha kwambiri!
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Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-21-2023