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Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā hui rGO/nZVI no ka manawa mua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana maʻalahi a pili i ke kaiapuni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Sophora yellowish leaf extract ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻemi a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa e hoʻokō me nā kumumanaʻo o ka kemika "ʻōmaʻomaʻo", e like me ka synthesis kemika liʻiliʻi ʻino. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mea hana e hōʻoia i ka synthesis holomua o nā hui, e like me SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, FTIR, a me ka zeta potential, e hōʻike ana i ka hana hui holomua. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hiki ke wehe i nā hui hou a me ka nZVI maʻemaʻe ma nā ʻano hoʻomaka like ʻole o ka antibiotic doxycycline e noiʻi i ka hopena synergistic ma waena o rGO a me nZVI. Ma lalo o nā kūlana wehe o 25mg L-1, 25°C a me 0.05g, ʻo ka helu wehe adsorptive o ka nZVI maʻemaʻe he 90%, ʻoiai ʻo ka helu wehe adsorptive o ka doxycycline e ka hui rGO/nZVI i hōʻea i 94.6%, e hōʻoia ana ua hiki ʻo nZVI a me rGO. Hoʻohālikelike ke kaʻina hana adsorption i kahi kauoha pseudo-kekona a ua kūlike maikaʻi me ke kumu hoʻohālike Freundlich me ka hiki ke adsorption kiʻekiʻe loa o 31.61 mg g-1 ma 25 °C a me pH 7. Ua hāpai ʻia kahi ʻano hana kūpono no ka wehe ʻana o DC. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia o ka hui rGO/nZVI he 60% ma hope o ʻeono mau pōʻaiapuni hana hou.
ʻO ka nele o ka wai a me ka haumia he mea hoʻoweliweli nui ia i nā ʻāina āpau. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua piʻi ka haumia o ka wai, ʻoiai ka haumia o nā antibiotic, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā o ka maʻi ahulau COVID-191,2,3. No laila, he hana wikiwiki ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻenehana kūpono no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā antibiotics i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo.
ʻO kekahi o nā antibiotic semi-synthetic kū'ē mai ka hui tetracycline ʻo ia ka doxycycline (DC)4,5. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā koena DC i loko o ka wai honua a me nā wai o luna, he 20-50% wale nō i hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke koena i ke kaiapuni, e hana ana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino6.
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka DC ma nā pae haʻahaʻa hiki ke pepehi i nā microorganism photosynthetic aquatic, hoʻoweliweli i ka laha ʻana o nā bacteria antimicrobial, a hoʻonui i ke kū'ē antimicrobial, no laila pono e wehe ʻia kēia mea haumia mai ka wai hoʻoneoneo. ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kūlohelohe o DC i loko o ka wai he hana lohi loa ia. ʻO nā kaʻina hana physico-chemical e like me ka photolysis, biodegradation a me ka adsorption hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa wale ʻia ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa a ma nā helu haʻahaʻa loa7,8. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano hana waiwai loa, maʻalahi, pili i ke kaiapuni, maʻalahi e lawelawe a me ka pono ʻo ia ka adsorption9,10.
He mea ikaika loa ka hao Nano zero valent (nZVI) e hiki ke wehe i nā antibiotics he nui mai ka wai, me ka metronidazole, diazepam, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, a me tetracycline. ʻO kēia hiki ke loaʻa i nā waiwai kupaianaha o nZVI, e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka reactivity, ka ʻili nui, a me nā wahi hoʻopaʻa waho he nui11. Eia nō naʻe, ua maʻalahi ʻo nZVI i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i loko o nā media wai ma muli o nā mana van der Wells a me nā waiwai magnetic kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hōʻemi ai i kona pono i ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā papa oxide e kāohi ana i ka reactivity o nZVI10,12. Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana nZVI ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻili me nā surfactants a me nā polymers a i ʻole ma ka hoʻohui ʻana iā lākou me nā nanomaterials ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano o nā composites, kahi i hōʻoia ʻia he ala kūpono e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ko lākou kūpaʻa i ke kaiapuni13,14.
He ʻelua-dimensional ka Graphene carbon nanomaterial i haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma kalapona sp2-hybridized i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi lattice honeycomb. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻili nui, ikaika mechanical koʻikoʻi, hana electrocatalytic maikaʻi loa, conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe, neʻe wikiwiki o ka electron, a me kahi mea lawe kūpono e kākoʻo i nā nanoparticles inorganic ma kona ʻili. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā nanoparticles metala a me ka graphene hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o nā pono pilikino o kēlā me kēia mea a, ma muli o kona mau waiwai kino a me ke kemika kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi i kahi hoʻolaha kūpono o nā nanoparticles no ka mālama wai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi15.
ʻO nā mea kanu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea hoʻemi kemika ʻino i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka synthesis o ka graphene oxide i hoʻemi ʻia (rGO) a me nZVI no ka mea loaʻa lākou, ʻaʻole pipiʻi, hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu, palekana i ke kaiapuni, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻemi. e like me nā flavonoids a me nā hui phenolic e hana pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Atriplex halimus L. leaf extract ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono a pani no ka synthesis o nā composites rGO/nZVI i kēia haʻawina. ʻO Atriplex halimus mai ka ʻohana Amaranthaceae he lāʻau mau loa e aloha ana i ka nitrogen me kahi ākea ākea16.
Wahi a nā palapala i loaʻa, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo Atriplex halimus (A. halimus) e hana i nā composites rGO/nZVI ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana hoʻohui waiwai a me ke kaiapuni. No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia hana he ʻehā mau ʻāpana: (1) phytosynthesis o rGO/nZVI a me nā composites makua nZVI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka A. halimus aquatic leaf extract, (2) ke ʻano o nā composites phytosynthesized me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana he nui e hōʻoia i kā lākou hana kūleʻa, (3) ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena synergistic o rGO a me nZVI i ka adsorption a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia organik o nā antibiotics doxycycline ma lalo o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kūlana o ke kaʻina hana adsorption, (3) e noiʻi i nā mea composite i nā ʻano lapaʻau hoʻomau like ʻole ma hope o ke kaʻina hana.
ʻO Doxycycline hydrochloride (DC, MM = 480.90, ke ʻano kemika C22H24N2O·HCl, 98%), iron chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O, 97%), pauka graphite i kūʻai ʻia mai Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Ua kūʻai ʻia ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%) a me ka hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) mai Merck, USA. Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MnCl2 a me MgCl2 mai Tianjin Comio Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. He kiʻekiʻe ka maʻemaʻe o nā reagents āpau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe pālua ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i nā hopena wai āpau.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻano mea kanu o A. halimus mai ko lākou wahi noho maoli ma ka Nile Delta a me nā ʻāina ma ke kahakai Mediterranean o ʻAigupita. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea kanu e like me nā alakaʻi aupuni a me nā honua17. Ua ʻike ʻo Polofesa Manal Fawzi i nā ʻano mea kanu e like me Boulos18, a ua ʻae ke Keʻena ʻEpekema Kaiapuni o ke Kulanui ʻo Alexandria i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā ʻano mea kanu i aʻo ʻia no nā kumu ʻepekema. Mālama ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia laʻana ma ka Tanta University Herbarium (TANE), nā palapala hōʻoia helu 14 122–14 127, kahi herbarium lehulehu e hāʻawi ana i ke komo ʻana i nā mea i waiho ʻia. Eia kekahi, no ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo a i ʻole ka lepo, ʻokiʻoki i nā lau o ka mea kanu i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, holoi i 3 mau manawa me ka piula wai a me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila hoʻomaloʻo ma 50°C. Ua kuʻi ʻia ka mea kanu, ua hoʻokomo ʻia he 5 g o ka pauka maikaʻi i loko o 100 ml o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoulu ʻia ma 70°C no 20 min e loaʻa ai kahi extract. Ua kānana ʻia ka extract i loaʻa o Bacillus nicotianae ma o ka pepa kānana Whatman a mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole maʻemaʻe a sterilized ma 4°C no ka hoʻohana hou aku.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1, ua hana ʻia ka GO mai ka pauka graphite e ke ʻano Hummers i hoʻololi ʻia. Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia he 10 mg o ka pauka GO i loko o 50 ml o ka wai deionized no 30 min ma lalo o sonication, a laila ua hui pū ʻia ʻo 0.9 g o FeCl3 a me 2.9 g o NaAc no 60 min. Ua hoʻohui ʻia he 20 ml o ka atriplex leaf extract i ka hopena i hoʻoulu ʻia me ka hoʻoulu ʻana a waiho ʻia ma 80°C no 8 mau hola. Ua kānana ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻeleʻele. Ua holoi ʻia nā nanocomposites i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka ethanol a me ka wai bidistilled a laila hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i loko o ka umu vacuum ma 50°C no 12 mau hola.
Nā kiʻi kiʻi a me nā kiʻi kikohoʻe o ka hoʻohui ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā hui rGO/nZVI a me nZVI a me ka wehe ʻana i nā antibiotic DC mai ka wai haumia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Atriplex halimus extract.
I ka pōkole, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1, ua hoʻohui ʻia he 10 ml o kahi hopena hao chloride e loaʻa ana he 0.05 M Fe3+ ions i hoʻohui ʻia i 20 ml o kahi hopena ʻawaʻawa lau no 60 mau minuke me ka hoʻomehana kūpono a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a laila ua centrifuged ʻia ka hopena ma 14,000 rpm (Hermle, 15,000 rpm) no 15 min e hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele, a laila holoi ʻia i 3 mau manawa me ka ethanol a me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a laila hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i loko o ka umu vacuum ma 60° C. i ka pō.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hui rGO/nZVI a me nZVI i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu e ka spectroscopy UV-visible (T70/T80 series UV/Vis spectrophotometers, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) ma ka pae scanning o 200-800 nm. No ka nānā ʻana i ka topography a me ka hoʻolaha nui o nā hui rGO/nZVI a me nZVI, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka spectroscopy TEM (JOEL, JEM-2100F, Iapana, accelerating voltage 200 kV). No ka loiloi ʻana i nā hui hana e hiki ke komo i loko o nā mea kanu i kuleana no ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka spectroscopy FT-IR (spectrometer JASCO ma ka pae o 4000-600 cm-1). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea loiloi zeta potential (Zetasizer Nano ZS Malvern) e aʻo i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka ʻili o nā nanomaterials i hana ʻia. No nā ana diffraction X-ray o nā nanomaterials pauka, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi diffractometer X-ray (X'PERT PRO, Netherlands), e hana ana ma ke au (40 mA), voltage (45 kV) ma ka pae 2θ mai 20° a 80° a me ka radiation CuKa1 (\(\lambda =\ ) 1.54056 Ao). ʻO ka spectrometer X-ray dispersive ikehu (EDX) (model JEOL JSM-IT100) ke kuleana no ke aʻo ʻana i ka haku mele elemental i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā kukuna X monochromatic Al K-α mai -10 a 1350 eV ma XPS, ka nui o ka wahi 400 μm K-ALPHA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) ʻo ka ikehu hoʻoili o ka spectrum piha he 200 eV a ʻo ka spectrum haiki he 50 eV. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka laʻana pauka ma luna o kahi mea paʻa laʻana, kahi i waiho ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena vacuum. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka C 1 s spectrum ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi ma 284.58 eV e hoʻoholo ai i ka ikehu hoʻopaʻa.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua adsorption e hoʻāʻo i ka pono o nā nanocomposites rGO/nZVI i synthesized ʻia i ka wehe ʻana i ka doxycycline (DC) mai nā hopena wai. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua adsorption i loko o nā ʻōmole Erlenmeyer 25 ml ma ka wikiwiki o ka lulu ʻana o 200 rpm ma kahi shaker orbital (Stuart, Orbital Shaker/SSL1) ma 298 K. Ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hopena waihona DC (1000 ppm) me ka wai bidistilled. No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hopena o ka dosage rGO/nSVI ma ka pono adsorption, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā nanocomposites o nā kaumaha like ʻole (0.01–0.07 g) i 20 ml o ka hopena DC. No ke aʻo ʻana i nā kinetics a me nā isotherms adsorption, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo 0.05 g o ka adsorbent i loko o kahi hopena wai o CD me ka hoʻohui mua ʻana (25–100 mg L–1). Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka pH ma ka wehe ʻana o DC ma ka pH (3–11) a me ka hoʻohui mua ʻana o 50 mg L-1 ma 25°C. E hoʻoponopono i ka pH o ka ʻōnaehana ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka hopena HCl a i ʻole NaOH (Crison pH mika, pH mika, pH 25). Eia kekahi, ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena o ka mahana hopena ma nā hoʻokolohua adsorption ma ka pae o 25-55°C. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka ikaika ionic ma ke kaʻina hana adsorption ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o NaCl (0.01–4 mol L–1) ma kahi hoʻohui mua o DC o 50 mg L–1, pH 3 a me 7), 25°C, a me kahi mahele adsorbent o 0.05 g. Ua ana ʻia ka adsorption o ka DC i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrophotometer UV-Vis dual beam (T70/T80 series, PG Instruments Ltd, UK) i lako me nā cuvettes quartz lōʻihi o ke ala 1.0 cm ma nā nalu lōʻihi loa (λmax) o 270 a me 350 nm. ʻO ka pakeneka wehe ʻana o nā antibiotics DC (R%; Eq. 1) a me ka nui o ka adsorption o DC, qt, Eq. Ua ana ʻia ʻo 2 (mg/g) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike ma lalo nei.
kahi ʻo %R ka mana wehe DC (%), ʻo Co ka nui mua o ka DC i ka manawa 0, a ʻo C ka nui o ka DC i ka manawa t, kēlā me kēia (mg L-1).
kahi ʻo qe ka nui o ka DC i hoʻopili ʻia no kēlā me kēia anakahi nui o ka adsorbent (mg g-1), ʻo Co a me Ce nā ʻano nui i ka manawa zero a ma ke kaulike, kēlā me kēia (mg l-1), ʻo V ka nui o ka hopena (l), a ʻo m ka reagent nui adsorption (g).
Hōʻike nā kiʻi SEM (Kiʻi 2A–C) i ke ʻano lamellar o ka hui pū ʻana o rGO/nZVI me nā nanoparticles hao poepoe i hoʻopuehu like ʻia ma luna o kona ʻili, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopili pono ʻana o nā nZVI NP i ka ʻili rGO. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau wrinkles ma ka lau rGO, e hōʻoia ana i ka wehe ʻana o nā hui i loaʻa ka oxygen i ka manawa like me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o A. halimus GO. Hana kēia mau wrinkles nui ma ke ʻano he mau wahi no ka hoʻouka ikaika ʻana o nā NP hao. Ua hōʻike nā kiʻi nZVI (Kiʻi 2D-F) ua hoʻopuehu nui ʻia nā NP hao poepoe a ʻaʻole i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ke ʻano uhi o nā ʻāpana botanical o ka mea kanu. ʻOkoʻa ka nui o ka ʻāpana i loko o 15–26 nm. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻāpana i kahi ʻano mesoporous me kahi ʻano o nā bulges a me nā cavities, hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi hiki ke hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia o nZVI, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā molekala DC ma ka ʻili o nZVI. I ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻāpana Rosa Damascus no ka hana ʻana o nZVI, ua like ʻole nā NP i loaʻa, me nā hakahaka a me nā ʻano like ʻole, kahi i hōʻemi ai i ko lākou pono ma ka adsorption Cr(VI) a hoʻonui i ka manawa hana 23. Kūlike nā hopena me ka nZVI i hana ʻia mai nā lau ʻoka a me ka mulberry, ʻo ia hoʻi nā nanoparticles poepoe me nā nui nanometer like ʻole me ka ʻole o ka agglomeration maopopo.
Nā kiʻi SEM o nā hui pū ʻia rGO/nZVI (AC), nZVI (D, E) a me nā ʻano EDX o nā hui pū ʻia nZVI/rGO (G) a me nZVI (H).
Ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano o nā mea hana rGO/nZVI a me nZVI i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā EDX (Kiʻi 2G, H). Hōʻike nā haʻawina ua hana ʻia ʻo nZVI me ke kalapona (38.29% ma ke kaumaha), ka oxygen (47.41% ma ke kaumaha) a me ka hao (11.84% ma ke kaumaha), akā aia nō hoʻi nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka phosphorus24, hiki ke loaʻa mai nā mea kanu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka pakeneka kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona a me ka oxygen ma muli o ke alo o nā phytochemicals mai nā mea kanu i nā laʻana nZVI ma lalo o ka ʻili. Ua hoʻolaha like ʻia kēia mau mea ma ka rGO akā ma nā lakio like ʻole: C (39.16 wt %), O (46.98 wt %) a me Fe (10.99 wt %), hōʻike pū ʻo EDX rGO/nZVI i ke alo o nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me S, hiki ke pili me nā mea kanu, i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lakio C:O o kēia manawa a me ka nui o ka hao i loko o ka hui rGO/nZVI me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā A. halimus ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana lau eucalyptus, no ka mea, ʻike ia i ka haku mele ʻana o C (23.44 wt.%), O (68.29 wt.%) a me Fe (8.27 wt.%). wt %) 25. Ua hōʻike ʻo Nataša et al., 2022 i kahi haku mele like o nZVI i hana ʻia mai nā lau ʻoka a me mulberry a ua hōʻoia i nā hui polyphenol a me nā molekala ʻē aʻe i loko o ka ʻāpana lau ke kuleana no ke kaʻina hana hōʻemi.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka nZVI i hana ʻia i loko o nā mea kanu (Kiʻi S2A,B) he poepoe a he hapa ʻano ʻē, me ka awelika o ka nui o nā ʻāpana he 23.09 ± 3.54 nm, akā naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā hui kaulahao ma muli o nā mana van der Waals a me ka ferromagnetism. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻāpana granular a poepoe nui e kūlike maikaʻi me nā hopena SEM. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike like e Abdelfatah et al. i ka makahiki 2021 i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻāpana lau pi castor i ka synthesis o nZVI11. ʻO nā NPs ʻāpana lau Ruelas tuberosa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻemi i loko o nZVI he ʻano poepoe me ke anawaena o 20 a 40 nm26.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi TEM hui pū ʻia ʻo rGO/nZVI (Kiʻi S2C-D) he mokulele basal ʻo rGO me nā pelu marginal a me nā wrinkles e hāʻawi ana i nā wahi hoʻouka he nui no nā nZVI NPs; hōʻoia pū kēia ʻano lamellar i ka hana holomua o rGO. Eia kekahi, he ʻano poepoe ko nZVI NPs me nā nui o nā ʻāpana mai 5.32 a 27 nm a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka papa rGO me kahi hoʻolaha like ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāpana lau Eucalyptus e synthesize i nā Fe NPs/rGO; Ua hōʻoia pū nā hopena TEM ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā wrinkles i loko o ka papa rGO i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā Fe NPs ma mua o nā Fe NPs maʻemaʻe a hoʻonui i ka reactivity o nā composites. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like e Bagheri et al. 28 i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ka composite me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana ultrasonic me ka awelika o ka nui o ka nanoparticle hao ma kahi o 17.70 nm.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā spectra FTIR o A. halimus, nZVI, GO, rGO, a me rGO/nZVI composites ma nā Kiʻi 3A. ʻIke ʻia ke alo o nā hui hana ʻili ma nā lau o A. halimus ma 3336 cm-1, kahi e kūlike ana me nā polyphenols, a me 1244 cm-1, kahi e kūlike ana me nā hui carbonyl i hana ʻia e ka protein. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hui ʻē aʻe e like me nā alkanes ma 2918 cm-1, nā alkenes ma 1647 cm-1 a me nā hoʻonui CO-O-CO ma 1030 cm-1, e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā ʻāpana mea kanu e hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea sila a kuleana no ka hoʻōla ʻana mai Fe2+ a i Fe0 a me GO a i rGO29. Ma keʻano laulā, hōʻike nā spectra nZVI i nā piko omo like me nā kō ʻawaʻawa, akā me kahi kūlana i neʻe iki ʻia. ʻIke ʻia kahi hui ikaika ma 3244 cm-1 e pili ana me nā haʻalulu hoʻolōʻihi OH (phenols), ʻo ka piko ma 1615 e pili ana iā C=C, a ʻo nā hui ma 1546 a me 1011 cm-1 e kū mai ana ma muli o ke kīkoʻo ʻana o C=O (polyphenols a me flavonoids), ua ʻike ʻia nā hui CN- o nā amines aromatic a me nā amines aliphatic ma 1310 cm-1 a me 1190 cm-1, kēlā me kēia13. Hōʻike ka spectrum FTIR o GO i ke alo o nā hui oxygen kiʻekiʻe he nui, me ke kāʻei hoʻolōʻihi alkoxy (CO) ma 1041 cm-1, ke kāʻei hoʻolōʻihi epoxy (CO) ma 1291 cm-1, C=O stretch. ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui o nā haʻalulu hoʻolōʻihi C=C ma 1619 cm-1, kahi hui ma 1708 cm-1 a me kahi hui ākea o nā haʻalulu hoʻolōʻihi hui OH ma 3384 cm-1, kahi i hōʻoia ʻia e ke ʻano Hummers i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, kahi e hoʻopau pono ai i ke kaʻina hana graphite. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hui rGO a me rGO/nZVI me nā spectra GO, ua emi nui ka ikaika o kekahi mau hui oxygen, e like me OH ma 3270 cm-1, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me C=O ma 1729 cm-1, ua emi loa. nalo, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopau pono ʻana o nā hui hana oxygen ma GO e ka A. halimus extract. ʻIke ʻia nā piko ʻano ʻoi hou o rGO ma ka C=C tension ma kahi o 1560 a me 1405 cm-1, kahi e hōʻoia ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana o GO i rGO. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole mai 1043 a i 1015 cm-1 a mai 982 a i 918 cm-1, malia paha ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā mea kanu31,32. Ua ʻike pū ʻo Weng et al., 2018 i kahi emi nui o nā hui hana oxygenated i GO, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻokumu kūleʻa ʻana o rGO e ka bioreduction, ʻoiai nā ʻāpana lau eucalyptus, i hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā composites graphene oxide hao i hoʻemi ʻia, ua hōʻike i nā spectra FTIR kokoke o nā hui hana ʻāpana mea kanu.33.
A. ʻO ke kiʻikuhi FTIR o ka gallium, nZVI, rGO, GO, hui pū ʻia rGO/nZVI (A). Nā hui Roentgenogrammy rGO, GO, nZVI a me rGO/nZVI (B).
Ua hōʻoia nui ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hui rGO/nZVI a me nZVI e nā ʻano diffraction X-ray (Kiʻi 3B). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi piko Fe0 ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma 2Ɵ 44.5°, e pili ana i ka index (110) (JCPDS no. 06–0696)11. ʻO kekahi piko ma 35.1° o ka mokulele (311) ua pili i ka magnetite Fe3O4, 63.2° paha e pili ana me ka index Miller o ka mokulele (440) ma muli o ke alo o ϒ-FeOOH (JCPDS no. 17-0536)34. Hōʻike ke ʻano X-ray o GO i kahi piko ʻoi ma 2Ɵ 10.3° a me kekahi piko ma 21.1°, e hōʻike ana i ka exfoliation piha o ka graphite a e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā hui oxygen ma ka ʻili o GO35. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻano hui o rGO a me rGO/nZVI i ka nalo ʻana o nā piko GO hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā piko rGO ākea ma 2Ɵ 22.17 a me 24.7° no nā hui rGO a me rGO/nZVI, kēlā me kēia, ka mea i hōʻoia i ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o GO e nā mea kanu. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano hui rGO/nZVI, ua ʻike ʻia nā piko hou e pili ana me ka mokulele lattice o Fe0 (110) a me bcc Fe0 (200) ma 44.9\(^\circ\) a me 65.22\(^\circ\), kēlā me kēia.
ʻO ka zeta potential ka potential ma waena o kahi papa ionic i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili o kahi ʻāpana a me kahi hopena wai e hoʻoholo ai i nā waiwai electrostatic o kahi mea a ana i kona kūpaʻa37. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi Zeta potential o nā composites nZVI, GO, a me rGO/nZVI i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu i ko lākou kūpaʻa ma muli o ke alo o nā uku maikaʻi ʻole o -20.8, -22, a me -27.4 mV, ma ko lākou ʻili, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi S1A-C. . Kūlike kēlā mau hopena me kekahi mau hōʻike e ʻōlelo ana he nui nā hopena e loaʻa ana nā ʻāpana me nā waiwai potential zeta ma lalo o -25 mV e hōʻike pinepine ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa ma muli o ka electrostatic repulsion ma waena o kēia mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o rGO a me nZVI e ʻae i ka composite e loaʻa nā uku maikaʻi ʻole a no laila he kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o GO a i ʻole nZVI wale nō. No laila, ʻo ka hanana o ka electrostatic repulsion e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā composites rGO/nZVI39 paʻa. ʻO ka ʻili maikaʻi ʻole o GO e ʻae iā ia e hoʻopuehu like ʻia i loko o kahi medium wai me ka ʻole o ka agglomeration, kahi e hana ai i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka launa pū ʻana me nZVI. Hiki ke pili ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole me ke alo o nā hui hana like ʻole i loko o ka ʻawaʻawa melon extract, kahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka pilina ma waena o GO a me nā precursors hao a me ka mea kanu extract e hana iā rGO a me nZVI, kēlā me kēia, a me ka hui rGO/nZVI. Hiki i kēia mau hui mea kanu ke hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻopaʻa, ʻoiai lākou e pale ai i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā nanoparticles hopena a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ko lākou kūpaʻa40.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka haku mele ʻana a me nā kūlana valence o nā hui nZVI a me rGO/nZVI e XPS (Kiʻi 4). Ua hōʻike ka haʻawina XPS holoʻokoʻa ua haku nui ʻia ka hui rGO/nZVI me nā mea C, O, a me Fe, e kūlike ana me ka palapala ʻāina EDS (Kiʻi 4F–H). Aia ka spectrum C1s i ʻekolu mau piko ma 284.59 eV, 286.21 eV a me 288.21 eV e hōʻike ana iā CC, CO a me C=O, kēlā me kēia. Ua māhele ʻia ka spectrum O1s i ʻekolu mau piko, me 531.17 eV, 532.97 eV, a me 535.45 eV, i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hui O=CO, CO, a me NO. Eia naʻe, ʻo nā piko ma 710.43, 714.57 a me 724.79 eV e pili ana iā Fe 2p3/2, Fe+3 a me Fe p1/2, kēlā me kēia. Ua hōʻike nā spectra XPS o nZVI (Kiʻi 4C-E) i nā piko no nā mea C, O, a me Fe. ʻO nā piko ma 284.77, 286.25, a me 287.62 eV e hōʻoia i ke alo o nā mea hao-kalapona, e like me kā lākou e pili ana iā CC, C-OH, a me CO. Ua pili ka spectrum O1s i ʻekolu mau piko C–O/iron carbonate (531.19 eV), hydroxyl radical (532.4 eV) a me O–C=O (533.47 eV). ʻO ka piko ma 719.6 ua pili iā Fe0, ʻoiai ʻo FeOOH e hōʻike ana i nā piko ma 717.3 a me 723.7 eV, eia kekahi, ʻo ka piko ma 725.8 eV e hōʻike ana i ke alo o Fe2O342.43.
Nā haʻawina XPS o nā hui nZVI a me rGO/nZVI, kēlā me kēia (A, B). Nā spectra piha o nZVI C1s (C), Fe2p (D), a me O1s (E) a me rGO/nZVI C1s (F), Fe2p (G), O1s (H) hui.
Hōʻike ka isotherm adsorption/desorption N2 (Kiʻi 5A, B) no ke ʻano II nā composites nZVI a me rGO/nZVI. Eia kekahi, ua piʻi ka ʻāpana ʻili kikoʻī (SBET) o nZVI mai 47.4549 a i 152.52 m2/g ma hope o ka hoʻopōʻeleʻele ʻana me rGO. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia hopena ma o ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai magnetic o nZVI ma hope o ka hoʻopōʻeleʻele ʻana o rGO, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana a hoʻonui i ka ʻāpana ʻili o nā composites. Eia kekahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5C, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka pore (8.94 nm) o ka composite rGO/nZVI ma mua o ka nZVI mua (2.873 nm). Kūlike kēia hopena me El-Monaem et al. 45.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e wehe i ka DC ma waena o nā hui rGO/nZVI a me ka nZVI mua ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui mua, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi mahele mau o kēlā me kēia adsorbent (0.05 g) i DC ma nā ʻano nui mua like ʻole. Hoʻonā i noiʻi ʻia [25]. –100 mg l–1] ma 25°C. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana (94.6%) o ka hui rGO/nZVI ma mua o ka nZVI mua (90%) ma kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa (25 mg L-1). Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka nui hoʻomaka i 100 mg L-1, ua hāʻule ka pono o ka wehe ʻana o rGO/nZVI a me nā mākua nZVI i 70% a me 65%, kēlā me kēia (Kiʻi 6A), hiki ke kumu o nā wahi hana liʻiliʻi a me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā ʻāpana nZVI. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo rGO/nZVI i kahi pono kiʻekiʻe o ka wehe ʻana o DC, kahi paha ma muli o ka hopena synergistic ma waena o rGO a me nZVI, kahi i ʻoi aku ai ke kiʻekiʻe o nā wahi hana paʻa i loaʻa no ka adsorption, a ma ke ʻano o rGO/nZVI, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka DC hiki ke adsorbed ma mua o ka nZVI i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Eia kekahi, ma ke kiʻi 6B e hōʻike ana ua piʻi ka hiki ke adsorption o nā composites rGO/nZVI a me nZVI mai 9.4 mg/g a i 30 mg/g a me 9 mg/g, kēlā me kēia, me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui mua mai 25-100 mg/L. -1.1 a i 28.73 mg g-1. No laila, ua pili maikaʻi ʻole ka helu wehe ʻana o DC me ka nui mua o DC, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ka helu palena o nā kikowaena hopena i kākoʻo ʻia e kēlā me kēia adsorbent no ka adsorption a me ka wehe ʻana o DC i loko o ka hopena. No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia mai kēia mau hopena he ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pono o ka adsorption a me ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā composites rGO/nZVI, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo rGO i ka haku mele ʻana o rGO/nZVI ma ke ʻano he adsorbent a ma ke ʻano he mea lawe.
ʻO ka pono o ka wehe ʻana a me ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e ka DC no ka hui pū ʻana o rGO/nZVI a me nZVI ʻo ia (A, B) [Co = 25 mg l-1–100 mg l-1, T = 25 °C, mahele = 0.05 g], pH. ma ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a me ka pono o ka wehe ʻana o DC ma nā hui pū ʻana o rGO/nZVI (C) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 3–11, T = 25 °C, mahele = 0.05 g].
He mea koʻikoʻi ka pH o ka hopena i ke aʻo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana adsorption, ʻoiai e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ionization, speciation, a me ka ionization o ka adsorbent. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ma 25°C me kahi mahele adsorbent mau (0.05 g) a me kahi hoʻohui mua o 50 mg L-1 i ka pae pH (3-11). Wahi a kahi loiloi palapala46, ʻo DC kahi mole amphiphilic me kekahi mau hui hana ionizable (phenols, amino groups, alcohols) ma nā pae pH like ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo nā hana like ʻole o DC a me nā ʻano pili ma ka ʻili o ka hui rGO/nZVI e launa pū me ka electrostatic a hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano he cations, zwitterions, a me anions, aia ka molekala DC ma ke ʻano he cationic (DCH3+) ma ka pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 a me ka anionic (DCH− a i ʻole DC2−) ma PH 7.7. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo nā hana like ʻole o DC a me nā ʻano pili ma ka ʻili o ka hui rGO/nZVI e launa pū me ka electrostatic a hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano he cations, zwitterions, a me anions, aia ka molekala DC ma ke ʻano he cationic (DCH3+) ma ka pH < 3.3, zwitterionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 a me ka anionic (DCH- a i ʻole DC2-) ma PH 7.7. В результате различные функции ДК и связанных с ними структур ma поверхности композита rGO/nZVI могут структур и могут существовать в виде катионов, цвиттер-ионов и анионов, молекула ДК существует в виде катиона (DCH3+), тиона (DCH3+) цвиттер-ионный (DCH20) 3,3 < pH < 7,7 и анионный (DCH- a i ole DC2-) при pH 7,7. ʻO ka hopena, hiki i nā hana like ʻole o DC a me nā ʻano pili ma ka ʻili o ka hui rGO/nZVI ke launa pū me ka electrostatic a hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano o nā cations, zwitterions, a me nā anions; aia ka molekala DC ma ke ʻano he cation (DCH3+) ma ka pH < 3.3; ionic (DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 a me anionic (DCH- a i ʻole DC2-) ma ka pH 7.7.因此，DC 的各种功能和rGO/nZVI复合材料表面的相关结构可能会发生静电相互作用，并可能以阳离子、两性离子和阴离子的形式存在，DC分子在pH < 3.3 时以阳离子(DCH3+) 的形式存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 和阴离子(DCH- 或DC2-) 在PH 7.7.因此 ， dc 的 种 功能 和 和 和 和 和 复合 材料 表面 的 相关 结构 可能 会 可能 会 可生并 可能 以 阳离子 两 性 和 阴离子 形式 ， ， dc 分子 在 pH <3.3 时 阳离子 阳离子 阳筐子阳离子 阳离子 (dch3+) 形式存在，两性离子(DCH20) 3.3 < pH < 7.7 和阴离子(DCH- 或DC2-) 在PH 7.7. Следовательно, различные функции ДК и родственных им структур на поверхности композита rGO/nZVI взаимодействия и существовать в виде катионов, цвиттер-ионов и анионов, а молекулы ДК являются катионыры катионны катионым 3,3. No laila, hiki i nā hana like ʻole o DC a me nā ʻano pili ma ka ʻili o ka hui rGO/nZVI ke komo i loko o nā pilina electrostatic a noho ma ke ʻano o nā cations, zwitterions, a me nā anions, ʻoiai nā molekala DC he cationic (DCH3+) ma ka pH < 3.3. Loaʻa ka helu o ka wai (DCH20) i ka 3,3 < pH < 7,7 a me ka ʻāpana (DCH- a i ʻole DC2-) i ka pH 7,7. Aia ia ma ke ʻano he zwitterion (DCH20) ma 3.3 < pH < 7.7 a me kahi anion (DCH- a i ʻole DC2-) ma pH 7.7.Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH mai 3 a 7, ua piʻi ka hiki ke hoʻopili a me ka pono o ka wehe ʻana o DC mai 11.2 mg/g (56%) a i 17 mg/g (85%) (Kiʻi 6C). Eia naʻe, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH i 9 a me 11, ua emi iki ka hiki ke hoʻopili a me ka pono o ka wehe ʻana, mai 10.6 mg/g (53%) a i 6 mg/g (30%), kēlā me kēia. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH mai 3 a 7, ua noho nui nā DC ma ke ʻano o nā zwitterions, ka mea i hoʻolilo iā lākou i aneane ʻaʻole i huki ʻia a hoʻokuke ʻia paha me nā hui rGO/nZVI, ʻo ia hoʻi ma o ka pilina electrostatic. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH ma luna o 8.2, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka ʻili o ka adsorbent, no laila ua emi a emi ka hiki ke hoʻopili ma muli o ka hoʻokuke electrostatic ma waena o ka doxycycline i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a me ka ʻili o ka adsorbent. Hōʻike kēia ʻano i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana o ka adsorption DC ma nā composites rGO/nZVI i ka pH, a hōʻike pū nā hopena he kūpono nā composites rGO/nZVI e like me nā adsorbents ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic a me neutral.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hopena o ka mahana ma ka adsorption o kahi hopena wai o DC ma (25-55°C). Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 7A i ka hopena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma ka pono o ka wehe ʻana o nā antibiotics DC ma rGO/nZVI, ua maopopo ua piʻi ka hiki ke wehe a me ka hiki ke adsorption mai 83.44% a me 13.9 mg/g a i 47% a me 7.83 mg/g. , kēlā me kēia. ʻO kēia emi nui paha ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikehu wela o nā ion DC, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka desorption47.
Hopena o ka Mahana ma ka Pono Wehe a me ka Mana Adsorption o CD ma nā Composites rGO/nZVI (A) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, Dose = 0.05 g], ʻO ka Dose Adsorbent ma ka Pono Wehe a me ka Pono Wehe o CD Hopena o ka Hoʻohui Mua ma ka hiki adsorption a me ka pono o ka wehe ʻana o DC ma ka composite rGO/nSVI (B) [Co = 50 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25°C] (C, D) [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g].
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka adsorbent composite rGO/nZVI mai 0.01 g a i 0.07 g ma ka pono o ka wehe ʻana a me ka hiki ke adsorption ma ke Kiʻi 7B. Ua alakaʻi ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka adsorbent i ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke adsorption mai 33.43 mg/g a i 6.74 mg/g. Eia naʻe, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka adsorbent mai 0.01 g a i 0.07 g, piʻi ka pono o ka wehe ʻana mai 66.8% a i 96%, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke pili me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā kikowaena hana ma ka ʻili nanocomposite.
Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohuihui mua ʻana ma ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a me ka pono o ka wehe ʻana [25–100 mg L-1, 25°C, pH 7, mahele 0.05 g]. I ka wā i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka hoʻohuihui mua mai 25 mg L-1 a i 100 mg L-1, ua emi ka pakeneka wehe ʻana o ka hui rGO/nZVI mai 94.6% a i 65% (Kiʻi 7C), ma muli paha o ka nele o nā wahi hana i makemake ʻia. . Hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana nui o DC49. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻohuihui mua, ua piʻi pū ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia mai 9.4 mg/g a i 30 mg/g a hiki i ka hiki ʻana i ke kaulike (Kiʻi 7D). ʻO kēia hopena hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika hoʻokele me ka hoʻohuihui DC mua i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kū'ē ʻana o ka hoʻoili nuipa ion DC e hiki ai i ka ʻili 50 o ka hui rGO/nZVI.
ʻO ka manawa hoʻopili a me nā haʻawina kinetic e manaʻo nei e hoʻomaopopo i ka manawa kaulike o ka adsorption. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka nui o ka DC i adsorbed i loko o nā minuke 40 mua o ka manawa hoʻopili he hapalua o ka nui o ka adsorbed i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa (100 mau minuke). ʻOiai nā molekala DC i loko o ka hopena e kuʻi ana e hoʻoneʻe koke iā lākou i ka ʻili o ka hui rGO/nZVI e hopena ana i ka adsorption koʻikoʻi. Ma hope o 40 min, ua piʻi mālie a lohi ka adsorption DC a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaulike ma hope o 60 min (Kiʻi 7D). ʻOiai ua adsorbed ʻia kahi nui kūpono i loko o nā minuke 40 mua, e emi ana nā kuʻi ʻana me nā molekala DC a e emi ana nā wahi hana e loaʻa no nā molekala i adsorbed ʻole. No laila, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka helu adsorption51.
No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā kinetics adsorption, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi laina o ke kauoha mua pseudo (Kiʻi 8A), ke kauoha lua pseudo (Kiʻi 8B), a me nā hiʻohiʻona kinetic Elovich (Kiʻi 8C). Mai nā palena i loaʻa mai nā haʻawina kinetic (Papa S1), ua maopopo ʻo ke kumu hoʻohālike pseudosecond ke kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kinetics adsorption, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ka waiwai R2 ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻelua ʻē aʻe. Aia kekahi ʻano like ma waena o nā hiki adsorption i helu ʻia (qe, cal). ʻO ke kauoha lua pseudo a me nā waiwai hoʻokolohua (qe, exp.) he hōʻike hou aku ia he kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi ke kauoha lua pseudo ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1, ʻo nā waiwai o α (ka helu adsorption mua) a me β (desorption constant) e hōʻoia ana ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu adsorption ma mua o ka helu desorption, e hōʻike ana he ʻano adsorb maikaʻi ʻo DC ma ka hui rGO/nZVI52. .
Nā kiʻi kinetic adsorption linear o ke kauoha pseudo-kekona (A), ke kauoha pseudo-mua (B) a me Elovich (C) [Co = 25–100 mg l–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, mahele lāʻau = 0.05 g].
Kōkua nā haʻawina o nā isotherms adsorption i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hiki ke adsorption o ka adsorbent (RGO/nRVI composite) ma nā ʻano adsorbate like ʻole (DC) a me nā mahana o ka ʻōnaehana. Ua helu ʻia ka hiki ke adsorption kiʻekiʻe loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka isotherm Langmuir, nāna i hōʻike he homogeneous ka adsorption a ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi monolayer adsorbate ma ka ʻili o ka adsorbent me ka ʻole o ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o lākou53. ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona isotherm i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona Freundlich lāua ʻo Temkin. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike Freundlich e helu i ka hiki ke adsorption, kōkua ia i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana adsorption heterogeneous a he ʻokoʻa nā ikehu o nā hakahaka ma ka adsorbent, ʻoiai ke kumu hoʻohālike Temkin e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka adsorption54.
Hōʻike nā Kiʻi 9A-C i nā kiʻi laina o nā hiʻohiʻona Langmuir, Freindlich, a me Temkin. ʻO nā waiwai R2 i helu ʻia mai nā kiʻi laina Freundlich (Kiʻi 9A) a me Langmuir (Kiʻi 9B) a i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 2 e hōʻike ana ua hahai ka adsorption DC ma ka hui rGO/nZVI i nā hiʻohiʻona isotherm Freundlich (0.996) a me Langmuir (0.988) a me Temkin (0.985). ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka nui loa (qmax), i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike isotherm Langmuir, he 31.61 mg g-1. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka waiwai i helu ʻia o ka dimensionless separation factor (RL) ma waena o 0 a me 1 (0.097), e hōʻike ana i kahi kaʻina hana adsorption maikaʻi. A i ʻole, ʻo ka Freundlich constant i helu ʻia (n = 2.756) e hōʻike ana i kahi makemake no kēia kaʻina hana omo. Wahi a ke kumu hoʻohālike linear o ka isotherm Temkin (Kiʻi 9C), ʻo ka adsorption o DC ma ka composite rGO/nZVI he hana adsorption kino, ʻoiai ʻo b he ˂ 82 kJ mol-1 (0.408)55. ʻOiai ʻo ka adsorption kino e hoʻopili pinepine ʻia e nā ikaika van der Waals nāwaliwali, ʻo ka adsorption o kēia au pololei ma nā composite rGO/nZVI e koi ana i nā ikehu adsorption haʻahaʻa [56, 57].
ʻO Freundlich (A), Langmuir (B), a me Temkin (C) nā isotherms adsorption linear [Co = 25–100 mg L–1, pH = 7, T = 25 °C, dose = 0.05 g]. Ka hoʻolālā o ka hoʻohālikelike van't Hoff no ka adsorption DC e nā composites rGO/nZVI (D) [Co = 25–100 mg l-1, pH = 7, T = 25–55 °C a me ka dose = 0.05 g].
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hopena o ka loli o ka mahana o ka hopena ma ka wehe ʻana o DC mai nā hui pū ʻia rGO/nZVI, ua helu ʻia nā ʻano thermodynamic e like me ka loli entropy (ΔS), ka loli enthalpy (ΔH), a me ka loli ikehu manuahi (ΔG) mai nā kaulike. 3 a me 458.
kahi \({K}_{e}\)=\(\frac{{C}_{Ae}}{{C}_{e}}\) – thermodynamic equilibrium constant, Ce a me CAe – rGO i loko o ka hopena, kēlā me kēia /nZVI DC concentrations ma ka surface equilibrium. ʻO R a me RT ke kinoea constant a me ka adsorption temperature, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana iā ln Ke e kūʻē iā 1/T e hāʻawi i kahi laina pololei (Fig. 9D) mai kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ∆S a me ∆H.
ʻO ka waiwai ΔH maikaʻi ʻole e hōʻike ana he exothermic ke kaʻina hana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia ka waiwai ΔH i loko o ke kaʻina hana adsorption kino. ʻO nā waiwai ΔG maikaʻi ʻole ma ka Papa 3 e hōʻike ana he hiki ke adsorption a spontaneous. ʻO nā waiwai maikaʻi ʻole o ΔS e hōʻike ana i kahi kauoha kiʻekiʻe o nā mole adsorbent ma ka interface wai (Papa 3).
Hoʻohālikelike ka Papa 4 i ka hui pū ʻana o rGO/nZVI me nā adsorbents ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina i hala. Ua maopopo he kiʻekiʻe ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia o ka hui pū ʻana o VGO/nCVI a he mea hoʻohiki paha ia no ka wehe ʻana i nā antibiotics DC mai ka wai. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka adsorption o nā hui pū ʻana o rGO/nZVI he hana wikiwiki me ka manawa kaulike o 60 min. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā waiwai adsorption maikaʻi loa o nā hui pū ʻana o rGO/nZVI e ka hopena synergistic o rGO a me nZVI.
Hōʻike nā Kiʻi 10A, B i ke ʻano hana kūpono no ka wehe ʻana i nā antibiotics DC e nā hui rGO/nZVI a me nZVI. Wahi a nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua ma ka hopena o ka pH ma ka pono o ka adsorption DC, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH mai 3 a 7, ʻaʻole i kāohi ʻia ka adsorption DC ma ka hui rGO/nZVI e nā pilina electrostatic, ʻoiai ua hana ia ma ke ʻano he zwitterion; no laila, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka loli o ka waiwai pH i ke kaʻina hana adsorption. Ma hope mai, hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ke ʻano adsorption e nā pilina non-electrostatic e like me ka hydrogen bonding, nā hopena hydrophobic, a me nā pilina stacking π-π ma waena o ka hui rGO/nZVI a me DC66. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ua wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano o nā adsorbates aromatic ma nā ʻili o ka graphene layered e nā pilina stacking π-π ma ke ʻano he ikaika hoʻokele nui. ʻO ka hui he mea papa like me ka graphene me ka absorption maximum ma 233 nm ma muli o ka hoʻololi π-π*. Ma muli o ke alo o ʻehā mau apo ʻala i loko o ke ʻano molekala o ka DC adsorbate, ua kuhiakau mākou aia kekahi ʻano hana o ka pilina π-π-stacking ma waena o ka aromatic DC (π-electron acceptor) a me ka ʻāina waiwai i nā π-electrons ma luna o ka ʻili RGO. /nZVI composites. Eia kekahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 10B, ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina FTIR e aʻo i ka pilina molekala o nā rGO/nZVI composites me DC, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā spectra FTIR o nā rGO/nZVI composites ma hope o ka DC adsorption ma ke Kiʻi 10B. 10b. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi piko hou ma 2111 cm-1, kahi e kūlike ana me ka haʻalulu ʻōnaehana o ka pilina C=C, kahi e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā hui hana organik e pili ana ma ka ʻili o 67 rGO/nZVI. Hoʻololi nā piko ʻē aʻe mai 1561 a i 1548 cm-1 a mai 1399 a i 1360 cm-1, kahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai hoʻi he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā pilina π-π i ka adsorption o graphene a me nā mea haumia organik68,69. Ma hope o ka adsorption DC, ua emi ka ikaika o kekahi mau hui i loaʻa ka oxygen, e like me OH, i 3270 cm-1, kahi e hōʻike ana ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen kekahi o nā ʻano hana adsorption. No laila, ma muli o nā hopena, ʻo ka adsorption DC ma ka hui rGO/nZVI e hana nui ʻia ma muli o nā pilina stacking π-π a me nā H-bonds.
ʻO ke ʻano kūpono o ka adsorption o nā antibiotics DC e nā hui rGO/nZVI a me nZVI (A). Nā spectra adsorption FTIR o DC ma rGO/nZVI a me nZVI (B).
Ua piʻi aʻe ka ikaika o nā kāʻei omo o nZVI ma 3244, 1615, 1546, a me 1011 cm–1 ma hope o ka adsorption DC ma nZVI (Kiʻi 10B) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nZVI, kahi e pili pono ai i ka launa pū ʻana me nā hui hana hiki o nā hui carboxylic acid O ma DC. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia pakeneka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻoili ʻana ma nā kāʻei i ʻike ʻia a pau e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe loli koʻikoʻi i ka pono adsorption o ka phytosynthetic adsorbent (nZVI) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nZVI ma mua o ke kaʻina hana adsorption. Wahi a kekahi noiʻi wehe DC me nZVI71, i ka wā e pane ai ʻo nZVI me H2O, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā electrons a laila hoʻohana ʻia ʻo H+ e hana i ka hydrogen hana hiki ke hoʻemi nui ʻia. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻae kekahi mau hui cationic i nā electrons mai ka hydrogen hana, e hopena ana i -C=N a me -C=C-, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i ka māhele ʻana o ke apo benzene.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-14-2022