Igrafu ye-isabelo yekharbon, i-crystal yethutyana phakathi kwekristali yeatomic, i-crystals yensimbi ye-molecle i-rioxide, ishushu i-agerang ye-ordeng. I-electrode, ibhetri eyomileyo, ipensile yokufunyanwa kwegrafu: igrafu ye-crystalline, igrafu yegrafu, igrafu yegrafu, igrafu ekwandisiweyo, igrafu yegrafu, igrafu yegrafu yegrafu, njl.
1. Ukuxhathisa ubushushu obuphezulu: Indawo yokunyibilika yegrafu ngama-3850 ℃, nasemva kobushushu obunqabileyo, ukwanda kwesisindo kuncinane. Ngo-2000 ℃, amandla egrafu ephindwe kabini.
2. Ukuqhutywa kwegrafu: Ukuqhutywa kwegrafite yikhulu elinamatye alikhulu kune-ore jikelele yentsimbi, i-Iron, i-programsmal incipha, igrafu yokufakwa;
I-3. I-Lubrity: Ukusebenza kwe-ququ yegrafu kuxhomekeke kubungakanani be-phydite, i-flake, i-coultions counted incinci, ukusebenza kwe-tyhunga kungcono;
4. Uzinzo lwekhemikhali: Igrafu kubushushu begumbi inozinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali, ukumelana ne-Acid, ukumelana nokunganyangeki kwendalo;
5. Iplasitiki: Ubunzima obugcwemileyo bulungile, bunokutyunyuzwa ukuba lube liphepha elincinci kakhulu;
I-6. Ukunganyangeki kothuke ngetyhefu: igrafu kubushushu begumbi xa kusetyenziswa kunokutshintsha iinguqulelo ezinobushushu ngaphandle komonakalo, i-supersite ye-graphy, ayizukuqhekeka.
1. Uhlalutyo lwe-Gramoporation: ikharbon emiselweyo, ukufuma, ukungcola, njl.;
2. UVAVANYO LWEZOQOQOSHO: UVAVANYO, UMSHELWANO, UKUTHENGA, Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo, indawo ethile, indawo enyibilikayo, indawo enyibilikayo, inqaku elithile, inqaku elithile, indawo enyibilikayo, njl.
3. Uvavanyo lwePropathi yoomatshini: Amandla eTinle, ubugqwirha, ukugoba, uvavanyo oluncamathela;
4. Ukuvavanywa kokusebenza kwemichiza: Ukuxhathisa kwamanzi, ukuqina, i-AID kunye neAlokali kunye nokunganyangeki kwemozulu, ukumelana nobushushu, njl
5. Ezinye izinto zokuvavanya: Ukuqhutywa kombane, ukuqhubela kwe-shirmal, ukwehla, uzinzo lwamachiza, ukungavisisani kwe-thermal