Njira yothira mankhwala ndi njira yachikhalidwe yokonzekera graphite yotha kukulitsa. Mu njira iyi, graphite yachilengedwe imasakanizidwa ndi oxidant yoyenera ndi intercalating agent, yowongoleredwa pa kutentha kwina, yosunthidwa nthawi zonse, ndikutsukidwa, kusefedwa ndikuumitsidwa kuti mupeze graphite yotha kukulitsa. Njira yothira mankhwala yakhala njira yokhwima kwambiri m'makampani yokhala ndi ubwino wa zida zosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika.
Njira zochizira kusungunuka kwa mankhwala zimaphatikizapo kusungunuka ndi kusakanikirana. Kusungunuka kwa graphite ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga graphite yowonjezereka, chifukwa ngati kusakanikirana kwa graphite kungapitirire bwino kumadalira kuchuluka kwa kutseguka pakati pa zigawo za graphite. Ndipo graphite yachilengedwe kutentha kwa chipinda imakhala yolimba bwino komanso yokana asidi ndi alkali, kotero sichitapo kanthu ndi asidi ndi alkali, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera kwa oxidant kwakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakusungunuka kwa mankhwala.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma oxidants, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma oxidants olimba (monga potaziyamu permanganate, potaziyamu dichromate, chromium trioxide, potaziyamu chlorate, ndi zina zotero), komanso ma oxidants ena amadzimadzi owonjezera (monga hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, ndi zina zotero). M'zaka zaposachedwapa, zapezeka kuti potaziyamu permanganate ndiye oxidant yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera graphite yowonjezereka.
Pogwiritsa ntchito oxidizer, graphite imasungunuka ndipo ma macromolecules a neutral network mu graphite layer amakhala macromolecules olinganizidwa okhala ndi positive charge. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yonyansa ya positive charge yomweyi, mtunda pakati pa zigawo za graphite umawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti intercalator ilowe bwino mu graphite layer. Pokonzekera graphite yowonjezera, intercalating agent makamaka ndi acid. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, mixed acid ndi glacial acetic acid.
Njira ya electrochemical imakhala mu mphamvu yokhazikika, ndi yankho lamadzi la insert pamene electrolyte, graphite ndi zitsulo (zinthu zosapanga dzimbiri, mbale ya platinamu, mbale ya lead, mbale ya titaniyamu, ndi zina zotero) zimapanga anode yophatikizika, zipangizo zachitsulo zomwe zimayikidwa mu electrolyte ngati cathode, kupanga kuzungulira kotsekedwa; Kapena graphite yomwe imayikidwa mu electrolyte, mu electrolyte nthawi yomweyo imayikidwa mu mbale yoyipa ndi yabwino, kudzera mu ma electrode awiriwa njira yolimbikitsidwa, anodic oxidation. Pamwamba pa graphite imasinthidwa kukhala carbocation. Nthawi yomweyo, pansi pa zochita zophatikizana za kukopa kwa electrostatic ndi kusiyana kwa concentration, ma acid ions kapena ma polar intercalant ions ena amaikidwa pakati pa zigawo za graphite kuti apange graphite yowonjezera.
Poyerekeza ndi njira ya okosijeni ya mankhwala, njira ya electrochemical yokonzekera graphite yowonjezereka mu ndondomeko yonse popanda kugwiritsa ntchito oxidant, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ndi kwakukulu, kuchuluka kotsala kwa zinthu zowononga ndi kochepa, electrolyte ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso pambuyo pa zomwe zachitika, kuchuluka kwa asidi kumachepetsedwa, mtengo umasungidwa, kuipitsa chilengedwe kumachepetsedwa, kuwonongeka kwa zida kumakhala kochepa, ndipo moyo wautumiki umakulitsidwa. M'zaka zaposachedwa, njira ya electrochemical pang'onopang'ono yakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yokonzekera graphite yowonjezereka ndi mabizinesi ambiri omwe ali ndi zabwino zambiri.
Njira yofalitsira mpweya ndi kupanga graphite yotambasuka polumikizana ndi intercalator ndi graphite mu mawonekedwe a gaseous ndi intercalating reaction. Nthawi zambiri, graphite ndi insert zimayikidwa kumapeto onse a reactor yagalasi yosatentha, ndipo vacuum imapopedwa ndikutsekedwa, kotero imadziwikanso kuti njira ya zipinda ziwiri. Njira iyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga halide -EG ndi alkali metal -EG m'makampani.
Ubwino: kapangidwe ndi dongosolo la reactor zimatha kuyendetsedwa, ndipo ma reactants ndi zinthu zimatha kulekanitsidwa mosavuta.
Zoyipa: chipangizo chochitira zinthu ndi chovuta kwambiri, ntchito yake ndi yovuta kwambiri, kotero kuti zotuluka zake zimakhala zochepa, ndipo zomwe zimachitika kutentha kwambiri, nthawi yake ndi yayitali, ndipo momwe zinthu zimachitikira ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, malo okonzekera ayenera kukhala opanda mpweya, kotero mtengo wopangira ndi wokwera, wosayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zazikulu.
Njira yosakanikirana ya gawo lamadzimadzi ndi kusakaniza mwachindunji zinthu zomwe zayikidwa ndi graphite, pansi pa chitetezo cha kuyenda kwa mpweya wopanda mpweya kapena makina otsekera kuti kutentha kuchitike kuti graphite ikule. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga alkali metal-graphite interlaminar compounds (GICs).
Ubwino: Njira yochitira zinthu ndi yosavuta, liwiro la zinthu ndi lachangu, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha zinthu zopangira graphite ndi zinthu zina, graphite yowonjezereka imatha kufika pa kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake, koyenera kwambiri popanga zinthu zambiri.
Zoyipa: Chopangidwacho sichikhazikika, n'zovuta kuthana ndi chinthu cholowetsedwa chaulere chomwe chimalumikizidwa pamwamba pa GICs, ndipo n'zovuta kuonetsetsa kuti graphite interlamellar compounds ikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe kake.
Njira yosungunula ndi kusakaniza graphite ndi zinthu zolumikizirana ndi kutentha kuti akonze graphite yotha kufalikira. Kutengera mfundo yakuti zigawo za eutectic zimatha kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa dongosolo (pansi pa kusungunuka kwa gawo lililonse), ndi njira yokonzekera ma GIC atatu kapena angapo mwa kuyika zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo (zomwe ziyenera kukhala zokhoza kupanga dongosolo la mchere wosungunuka) pakati pa zigawo za graphite nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ma chloride achitsulo - ma GIC.
Ubwino: Chopangiracho chili ndi kukhazikika bwino, chosavuta kutsuka, chipangizo chosavuta kuchitapo kanthu, kutentha kochepa kuchitapo kanthu, nthawi yochepa, choyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri.
Zoyipa: n'kovuta kulamulira kapangidwe ka dongosolo ndi kapangidwe ka chinthucho mu njira yochitira zinthu, ndipo n'kovuta kutsimikizira kuti kapangidwe ka dongosolo ndi kapangidwe ka chinthucho kakugwirizana bwino.
Njira yopanikizika ndi kusakaniza graphite matrix ndi alkaline earth metal ndi rare earth metal powder ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti apange M-GICS pansi pa mikhalidwe yopanikizika.
Zoyipa: Pokhapokha ngati nthunzi ya chitsulo yapitirira malire enaake, njira yolowera imatha kuchitika; Komabe, kutentha kumakhala kokwera kwambiri, kosavuta kuyambitsa zitsulo ndi graphite kupanga ma carbide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti negative reaction ikhale yolondola, kotero kutentha kwa reaction kuyenera kulamulidwa mu mtundu wina. Kutentha kwa insertion ya rare earth metals kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, kotero kupanikizika kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti kuchepetse kutentha kwa reaction. Njira iyi ndi yoyenera kukonzekera metal-GICS yokhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka, koma chipangizocho ndi chovuta ndipo zofunikira pakugwira ntchito ndizokhwima, kotero sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri tsopano.
Njira yophulitsa nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito graphite ndi chowonjezera monga KClO4, Mg(ClO4)2·nH2O, Zn(NO3)2·nH2O pyropyros kapena zosakaniza zokonzedwa, ikatenthedwa, graphite nthawi yomweyo imapanga cambium compound, yomwe imakulitsidwa m'njira "yophulika", motero imapeza graphite yokulirapo. Pamene mchere wachitsulo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera, mankhwalawa amakhala ovuta kwambiri, omwe samangokhala ndi graphite yokulirapo, komanso chitsulo.
