Ponena za kupezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito graphite ya flake, pali nkhani yolembedwa bwino, pomwe buku la Shuijing Zhu linali loyamba, lomwe linati "pali phiri la graphite pafupi ndi Mtsinje wa Luoshui". Miyala yonse ndi yakuda, kotero mabuku amatha kukhala ochepa, kotero amadziwika ndi graphite yawo. " Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza zikusonyeza kuti zaka zoposa 3,000 zapitazo mu Ufumu wa Shang, China idagwiritsa ntchito graphite kulemba zilembo, zomwe zidapitilira mpaka kumapeto kwa Ufumu wa Eastern Han (AD 220). Graphite monga inki ya buku idasinthidwa ndi inki ya fodya wa paini. Mu nthawi ya Daoguang ya Ufumu wa Qing (AD 1821-1850), alimi ku Chenzhou, Hunan Province ankakumba graphite ya flake ngati mafuta, yomwe inkatchedwa "mafuta carbon".
Dzina la Chingerezi la Graphite limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lakuti "graphite in", lomwe limatanthauza "kulemba". Dzinali linatchulidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Germany komanso katswiri wa mineralologist AGWerner mu 1789.
Fomula ya molekyu ya graphite ya flake ndi C ndipo kulemera kwake kwa molekyu ndi 12.01. Graphite yachilengedwe ndi yakuda ndi imvi yachitsulo, yokhala ndi mizere yakuda yowala, kunyezimira kwachitsulo ndi kuonekera bwino. Kristalo ili m'gulu la makristalo ovuta a hexagonal biconical, omwe ndi makristalo a hexagonal plate. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya simplex imaphatikizapo mizati iwiri yofanana, hexagonal biconical ndi hexagonal, koma mawonekedwe a kristalo osasinthika ndi osowa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mamba kapena mawonekedwe a mbale. Ma Parameter: a0=0.246nm, c0=0.670nm Kapangidwe kabwino ka zigawo, momwe maatomu a kaboni amakonzedwa m'magawo, ndipo kaboni iliyonse imalumikizidwa mofanana ndi kaboni yoyandikana nayo, ndipo kaboni mu gawo lililonse imakonzedwa mu mphete ya hexagonal. Mphete za hexagonal za kaboni m'magawo apamwamba ndi otsika oyandikana nawo zimasunthidwa mbali imodzi molingana ndi ndege ya mesh kenako zimayikidwa kuti zipange kapangidwe ka zigawo. Mayendedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mtunda wosuntha zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a polymorphic. Mtunda pakati pa maatomu a kaboni m'magawo apamwamba ndi otsika ndi waukulu kwambiri kuposa umene uli pakati pa maatomu a kaboni omwe ali mu gawo lomwelo (CC space mu zigawo = 0.142nm, CC space pakati pa zigawo = 0.340nm). 2.09-2.23 specific gravity ndi 5-10m2/g specific surface area. Kulimba kwake ndi anisotropic, vertical cleavage plane ndi 3-5, ndipo parallel cleavage plane ndi 1-2. Aggregates nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mamba, lumpy komanso earthy. Graphite flake ili ndi magetsi abwino komanso kutentha. Ma mineral flakes nthawi zambiri amakhala osawoneka bwino pansi pa kuwala kotumizidwa, ma flakes oonda kwambiri ndi obiriwira-imvi, uniaxial, okhala ndi refractive index ya 1.93 ~ 2.07. Pansi pa kuwala kowonetsedwa, ndi opepuka bulauni-imvi, okhala ndi reflection multicolor, Ro imvi ndi bulauni, Re imvi yakuda buluu, reflectivity Ro23 (wofiira), Re5.5 (wofiira), omveka bwino reflection color ndi reflection double, strong heterogeneity ndi polarization. Zizindikiro zake: chitsulo chakuda, kuuma pang'ono, gulu la kugawanika kwabwino kwambiri, kusinthasintha, kumva kuterera, kusadetsa manja mosavuta. Ngati tinthu ta zinc tonyowa ndi yankho la copper sulfate tiyikidwa pa graphite, madontho a mkuwa achitsulo amatha kupangika, pomwe molybdenite yofanana nayo ilibe vuto lotere.
Graphite ndi allotrope ya elemental carbon (zina mwa izo zimaphatikizapo diamondi, kaboni 60, ma carbon nanotubes ndi graphene), ndipo mphepete mwa atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imalumikizidwa ndi ma atomu ena atatu a kaboni (ma hexagon ambiri okonzedwa mu mawonekedwe a uchi) kuti apange mamolekyu a covalent. Popeza atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imatulutsa elekitironi, ma elekitironi amenewo amatha kuyenda momasuka, kotero flake graphite ndi conductor yamagetsi. Gawo logawanika limalamulidwa ndi ma molecular bonds, omwe ali ndi chidwi chochepa ndi mamolekyu, kotero kuyandama kwake kwachilengedwe ndikwabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha njira yapadera yolumikizirana ya flake graphite, sitingaganize kuti flake graphite ndi kristalo imodzi kapena polycrystal. Tsopano nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti flake graphite ndi mtundu wa mixed crystal.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-04-2022