I ngā tau tata nei, kua nui te aro ki te graphene, he rauemi tino kaha. Engari he aha te graphene? Āe, whakaarohia he matū e 200 ngā wā kaha atu i te maitai, engari 1000 ngā wā mama atu i te pepa.
I te tau 2004, e rua ngā kaipūtaiao o Te Whare Wānanga o Manchester, a Andrei Geim rāua ko Konstantin Novoselov, i "tākaro" ki te karāpeti. Ae, ko te mea kotahi e kitea ana i te pito o te pene. I hiahia rāua ki te mōhio mō te rauemi, ā, i hiahia rāua ki te mōhio mēnā ka taea te tango i roto i te paparanga kotahi. Nō reira i kitea e rāua tētahi taputapu rerekē: te rīpene whakapiri.
"Ka whakatakotoria e koe [te rīpene] ki runga i te karāpiti, i te mika rānei, kātahi ka tihorea te paparanga o runga," te whakamārama a Heim ki te BBC. Ka rere ngā maramara karāpiti mai i te rīpene. Kātahi ka whakapikohia te rīpene kia rua, ka whakapirihia ki te pepa o runga, kātahi ka wehea anō. Kātahi ka whakahokia tēnei mahi kia 10, kia 20 rānei ngā wā.
"I ia wā ka pakaru ngā kongakonga hei kongakonga angiangi haere, hei kongakonga angiangi haere. I te mutunga, ka toe tonu ngā kongakonga tino angiangi ki te whitiki. Ka whakarewahia e koe te rīpene, ā, ka memeha katoa."
He mea whakamiharo, i tino angitu te tikanga rīpene. Nā tēnei whakamātautau whakamere i kitea ai ngā kongakonga graphene paparua-kotahi.
I te tau 2010, i whakawhiwhia a Heim rāua ko Novoselov ki te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao mō tā rāua kitenga i te graphene, he rauemi i hangaia mai i ngā ngota waro kua whakaritea i roto i te whatunga hexagonal, he rite ki te waea heihei.
Ko tētahi o ngā take matua he mīharo te graphene ko tōna hanganga. Ka puta te paparanga kotahi o te graphene parakore hei paparanga o ngā ngota waro kua whakaritea i roto i te hanganga whatunga hexagonal. Mā tēnei hanganga honikoma he rite te rahi ki te ngota ka homai he kaha whakamiharo ki te graphene.
He whetu hiko anō hoki te graphene. I te pāmahana rūma, he pai ake tana kawe hiko i tētahi atu rauemi.
Kei te mahara koe ki ngā ngota waro i kōrerotia e tātou? Āe, he irahiko tāpiri kei ia irahiko, e kiia nei ko te irahiko pi. Ka neke noa tēnei irahiko, ka taea ai e ia te kawe i te hiko mā roto i ngā paparanga maha o te graphene me te iti o te ātete.
Kua kitea e ngā rangahau tata nei mō te graphene i te Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) tētahi mea tino makutu: ina hurihia mārire (1.1 nekehanga noa iho) ngā paparanga e rua o te graphene kia kore e tū tika, ka huri te graphene hei superconductor.
Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka taea e ia te kawe hiko me te kore ātete, me te kore wera rānei, ka huaki ake ai ngā mea whakahihiri mō te kaha kawe hiko a meake nei i te pāmahana rūma.
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino hiahiatia o te graphene ko ngā pākahiko. Nā tōna kawe hiko pai rawa atu, ka taea e tātou te whakaputa pākahiko graphene e tere ake te utu me te roa ake te ora i ngā pākahiko lithium-ion o ēnei rā.
Kua tangohia kētia tēnei ara e ētahi kamupene nunui pērā i a Samsung me Huawei, me te whai kia whakaurua ēnei whanaketanga ki roto i ā tātou taputapu o ia rā.
"I te tau 2024, e matapaetia ana ka puta he whānuitanga o ngā hua graphene ki te mākete," te kī a Andrea Ferrari, te kaiwhakahaere o te Cambridge Graphene Center me te kairangahau i te Graphene Flagship, he kaupapa e whakahaerehia ana e te European Graphene. Kei te haumi te kamupene i te 1 piriona euros ki ngā kaupapa tahi. Ka whakaterehia e te hononga te whanaketanga o te hangarau graphene.
Kei te hangaia kētia e ngā hoa rangahau o Flagship ngā pākahiko graphene e whakarato ana i te 20% te kaha ake me te 15% te kaha ake i ngā pākahiko kaha-nui pai rawa atu o ēnei rā. Kua hangaia e ētahi atu tīma ngā pūtau rā e ahu mai ana i te graphene e 20 ōrau te pai ake o te huri i te hihi o te rā hei hiko.
Ahakoa kei reira ētahi hua tōmua kua whakamahi i te pūmanawa o te graphene, pērā i ngā taputapu hākinakina a Head, kāore anō kia puta te mea pai rawa atu. E ai ki tā Ferrari: "E kōrero ana mātou mō te graphene, engari ko te mea pono kei te kōrero mātou mō te maha o ngā kōwhiringa kei te akohia. Kei te neke haere ngā mea i te huarahi tika."
Kua whakahoutia tēnei tuhinga mā te whakamahi i te hangarau matauranga horihori, kua tirohia ngā meka, ā, kua whakatikahia e ngā ētita o HowStuffWorks.
Kua whakamahia e te kaihanga taputapu hākinakina, a Head, tēnei rauemi whakamiharo. E kī ana tā rātou raketi tēnehi Graphene XT he 20% te mama ake i te taumaha kotahi. He hangarau tino auaha tēnei!
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Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 21-2023