Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwanakwa kakhulu i-graphene yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa iyini i-graphene? Ake ucabange ngento enamandla ngokuphindwe ka-200 kunensimbi, kodwa elula ngokuphindwe ka-1000 kunephepha.
Ngo-2004, ososayensi ababili abavela eNyuvesi yaseManchester, u-Andrei Geim noKonstantin Novoselov, “badlala” nge-graphite. Yebo, into efanayo oyithola esihlokweni sepensela. Babenelukuluku lokwazi ngale nto futhi babefuna ukwazi ukuthi ingasuswa yini kungqimba olulodwa. Ngakho bathola ithuluzi elingavamile: i-duct tape.
“Ubeka [itheyiphu] phezu kwe-graphite noma i-mica bese ususa ungqimba olungaphezulu,” kuchaza uHeim ku-BBC. Ama-graphite flakes ayandiza esuka etheyiphuni. Bese ugoqa itheyiphu phakathi bese uyinamathelisa ephepheni eliphezulu, bese uwahlukanisa futhi. Bese uphinda le nqubo izikhathi eziyi-10 noma ezingama-20.
"Isikhathi ngasinye ama-flakes ahlukana abe ama-flakes amancane nanciphile. Ekugcineni, ama-flakes amancane kakhulu ahlala ebhandeni. Uyincibilikisa iteyipu bese konke kuyancibilika."
Ngokumangalisayo, indlela yetheyiphu yasebenza izimanga. Lokhu kuhlola okuthakazelisayo kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwama-graphene flakes anongqimba olulodwa.
Ngo-2010, uHeim noNovoselov bathola uMklomelo KaNobel kuFiziksi ngokuthola kwabo i-graphene, into eyakhiwe ngama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlelwe ku-lattice enezinhlangothi eziyisithupha, efana ne-chicken wire.
Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza i-graphene imangalisa kangaka yisakhiwo sayo. Ingqimba eyodwa ye-graphene ehlanzekile ibonakala njengengqimba yama-athomu e-carbon ahlelwe ngesakhiwo se-lattice esinama-hexagonal. Lesi sakhiwo se-honeycomb esikali se-athomu sinikeza i-graphene amandla ayo amangalisayo.
I-Graphene nayo iyinkanyezi kagesi. Uma izinga lokushisa legumbi lishisa, iqhuba ugesi kangcono kunanoma iyiphi enye into.
Uyawakhumbula lawo ma-athomu e-carbon esixoxe ngawo? Nokho, ngalinye line-electron eyengeziwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-pi electron. Le electron ihamba ngokukhululeka, ivumela ukuthi iqhube ukuhanjiswa kwe-conduction ngezingqimba eziningi ze-graphene ngokumelana okuncane.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva nge-graphene eMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) luthole okuthile okucishe kube yimilingo: uma ujikeleza kancane (ama-degree angu-1.1 kuphela) izendlalelo ezimbili ze-graphene zingasaqondani, i-graphene iba yi-superconductor.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingahambisa ugesi ngaphandle kokumelana noma ukushisa, ivule amathuba ajabulisayo okuqhuba ugesi ngamandla amakhulu esikhathini esizayo ekushiseni kwegumbi.
Enye yezindlela ezilindelwe kakhulu zokusebenzisa i-graphene isemabhathini. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu, singakhiqiza amabhethri e-graphene ashaja ngokushesha futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion anamuhla.
Ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Samsung ne-Huawei sezivele zithathe le ndlela, zihlose ukwethula lezi ntuthuko kumagajethi ethu ansuku zonke.
“Ngo-2024, silindele ukuthi imikhiqizo eminingi ye-graphene ibe semakethe,” kusho u-Andrea Ferrari, umqondisi weCambridge Graphene Center kanye nomcwaningi eGraphene Flagship, okuyisinyathelo esiqhutshwa yi-European Graphene. Le nkampani itshala imali eyizigidi eziyi-1 zama-euro kumaphrojekthi ahlangene. I-alliance isheshisa intuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-graphene.
Abalingani bocwaningo be-Flagship sebevele bakha amabhethri e-graphene anikeza amandla angaphezu kuka-20% kanye namandla angaphezu kuka-15% kunamabhethri anamandla aphezulu anamuhla. Amanye amaqembu adale amaseli elanga asekelwe ku-graphene asebenza kahle ngamaphesenti angu-20 ekuguquleni ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi.
Nakuba kunemikhiqizo ethile yokuqala eye yasebenzisa amandla e-graphene, njengemishini yezemidlalo ye-Head, okuhle kakhulu kuseza. Njengoba uFerrari ephawulile: “Sikhuluma nge-graphene, kodwa empeleni sikhuluma ngezinketho eziningi ezifundwayo. Izinto zihamba ngendlela efanele.”
Lesi sihloko sibuyekezwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, sahlolwa amaqiniso, futhi sahlelwa ngabahleli be-HowStuffWorks.
Umkhiqizi wemishini yezemidlalo uHead usebenzise le nto emangalisayo. Irakhethi yabo yethenisi yeGraphene XT ithi ilula ngo-20% ngesisindo esifanayo. Lobu ubuchwepheshe obushintshayo ngempela!
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-21-2023