Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwajongwa kakhulu i-graphene yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa yintoni i-graphene? Khawuthelekelele into enamandla ngokuphindwe ka-200 kunentsimbi, kodwa ikhaphukhaphu ngokuphindwe ka-1000 kunephepha.
Ngowama-2004, izazinzulu ezimbini ezivela kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester, uAndrei Geim noKonstantin Novoselov, “badlale” ngegrafiti. Ewe, yinto efanayo naleyo uyifumanayo kwincam yepensile. Babenomdla wokwazi ukuba le nto ingasuswa na kumaleko omnye. Ngoko ke bafumana isixhobo esingaqhelekanga: iteyiphu yokuhambisa amanzi.
“Ubeka [iteyipu] phezu kwegrafiti okanye i-mica uze ukhuphe umaleko ongaphezulu,” uHeim ucacisele i-BBC. Iiflakes zegrafiti ziyabhabha kwiteyipu. Emva koko songa iteyipu phakathi uze uyincamathisele kwiphepha eliphezulu, uze uwahlule kwakhona. Emva koko uphinda le nkqubo izihlandlo ezili-10 okanye ezingama-20.
"Ngalo lonke ixesha iiflekisi ziqhekeka zibe ziiflekisi ezincinci nezincinci. Ekugqibeleni, iiflekisi ezincinci kakhulu zihlala ebhantini. Uyayinyibilikisa iteyiphu kwaye yonke into iyanyibilika."
Okumangalisayo kukuba, indlela yeteyipu isebenze kakuhle. Olu vavanyo lunomdla lukhokelele ekufumanekeni kwee-graphene flakes zomaleko omnye.
Ngowama-2010, uHeim noNovoselov bafumana iMbasa yeNobel kwiFiziksi ngokufumanisa kwabo igraphene, into eyenziwe ngeeathom zekhabhoni ezicwangciswe kwilathisi enesiqingatha, efana nentambo yenkukhu.
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba i-graphene imangalisa kangaka yindlela eyakhiwe ngayo. Umaleko omnye we-graphene ecocekileyo ubonakala njengomaleko wee-athomu zekhabhoni ezicwangciswe kwisakhiwo se-lattice esinama-hexagonal. Olu lwakhiwo lwe-honeycomb olune-atom lunika i-graphene amandla ayo amangalisayo.
I-Graphene ikwayintshatsheli yombane. Xa ishushu kwigumbi, iqhuba umbane ngcono kunezinye izinto.
Uyakhumbula ezo athom zekhabhoni esizixubushileyo? Kaloku, nganye ine-electron eyongezelelweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-pi electron. Le electron ihamba ngokukhululekileyo, ivumela ukuba iqhube ukuhanjiswa kwee-layers ezininzi ze-graphene ngaphandle kokumelana kakhulu.
Uphando lwakutshanje malunga ne-graphene kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) lufumanise into ephantse ibe yeyomlingo: xa ujikeleza kancinci (iidigri ezili-1.1 kuphela) iileya ezimbini ze-graphene zingahambelani, i-graphene iba yi-superconductor.
Oku kuthetha ukuba inokuqhuba umbane ngaphandle kokuxhathisa okanye ubushushu, nto leyo evula amathuba anomdla okuqhuba umbane ngamandla kwixesha elizayo kubushushu begumbi.
Enye yezona ndlela zilindelweyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-graphene ikukusebenzisa iibhetri. Ngenxa yokuqhuba kwayo kakuhle, singakwazi ukuvelisa iibhetri ze-graphene ezitshaja ngokukhawuleza nezihlala ixesha elide kuneebhetri ze-lithium-ion zanamhlanje.
Ezinye iinkampani ezinkulu ezifana neSamsung kunye neHuawei sele zithathe le ndlela, zijonge ukungenisa olu phuculo kwizixhobo zethu zemihla ngemihla.
“Ngowama-2024, silindele ukuba uluhlu lweemveliso zegraphene lube semarikeni,” utshilo uAndrea Ferrari, umlawuli weCambridge Graphene Center kunye nomphandi kwiGraphene Flagship, iphulo eliqhutywa yiEuropean Graphene. Le nkampani ityale imali eyi-1 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiiprojekthi ezidibeneyo. Le manyano ikhawulezisa uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yegraphene.
Amaqabane ophando eFlagship sele edala iibhetri zegraphene ezibonelela ngamandla angama-20% kunye namandla angama-15% ngaphezulu kuneebhetri zanamhlanje ezinamandla aphezulu. Amanye amaqela enze iiseli zelanga ezisekelwe kwigraphene ezisebenza kakuhle ngama-20% ekuguquleni ukukhanya kwelanga kube ngumbane.
Nangona kukho ezinye iimveliso zokuqala ezisebenzise amandla e-graphene, njengezixhobo zemidlalo zeHead, eyona ilungileyo iseza. Njengoko uFerrari etshilo: “Sithetha nge-graphene, kodwa eneneni sithetha ngenani elikhulu leendlela ezifundwayo. Izinto zihamba ngendlela eyiyo.”
Eli nqaku lihlaziyiwe kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe bobuchwephesha bokwenziwa, lahlolwa iinyani, laza lahlelwa ngabahleli beHowStuffWorks.
Umenzi wezixhobo zemidlalo uHead usebenzise le nto imangalisayo. Irakhethi yabo yetenisi yeGraphene XT ithi ilula nge-20% ngobunzima obufanayo. Le yiteknoloji eguqukayo ngokwenene!
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-21-2023