Mu myaka ya vuba aha, graphene y’ibintu bikomeye cyane yibanzweho cyane. Ariko graphene ni iki? Tekereza ikintu gikomeye kurusha icyuma inshuro 200, ariko kikaba cyoroheje kurusha impapuro inshuro 1000.
Mu 2004, abahanga babiri bo muri Kaminuza ya Manchester, Andrei Geim na Konstantin Novoselov, “bakinnye” na grafiti. Yego, ni kimwe n’icyo usanga ku isonga ry’ikaramu. Bari bafite amatsiko yo kumenya niba byakurwaho mu cyiciro kimwe. Nuko babona igikoresho kidasanzwe: kaseti y’imiyoboro.
“Ushyira [ikaseti] hejuru ya grafiti cyangwa mica hanyuma ugakuraho urwego rwo hejuru,” Heim yasobanuriye BBC. Uduce twa grafiti turaguruka kuri kaseti. Hanyuma uzinge kaseti mo kabiri hanyuma uyishyire ku rupapuro rwo hejuru, hanyuma wongere ubyitandukanye. Hanyuma usubiramo ubu buryo inshuro 10 cyangwa 20.
"Igihe cyose uduce ducikamo uduce duto cyane. Amaherezo, uduce duto cyane dusigara ku mukandara. Usesa kaseti maze byose bigashonga."
Igitangaje ni uko uburyo bwa kaseti bwakoze ibitangaza. Ubu bushakashatsi bushimishije bwatumye havumburwa uduce twa graphene tw’urwego rumwe.
Mu 2010, Heim na Novoselov bahawe igihembo cya Nobel muri fiziki kubera kuvumbura graphene, ikintu kigizwe n'atome za karuboni zitondetse mu gice cy'urukiramende gifite uburebure bwa hexagonal, nk'insinga y'inkoko.
Imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zituma graphene itangaje ni imiterere yayo. Urupapuro rumwe rwa graphene rugaragara nk'urwego rwa atome za karuboni zitondetse mu buryo bwa hexagonal lattice. Iyi miterere y'ubuki bw'atome ituma graphene irushaho gukomera.
Graphene kandi ni umukinnyi w’amashanyarazi ukomeye. Iyo ubushyuhe bw’icyumba bugeze, itwara amashanyarazi neza kurusha ibindi bikoresho byose.
Wibuka izo atome za karuboni twavuzeho? Buri imwe ifite electron y'inyongera yitwa electron ya pi. Iyi electron igenda mu buryo bworoshye, ikayiha ubushobozi bwo kuyobora amashanyarazi mu byiciro byinshi bya graphene nta bushobozi bwinshi ifite.
Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa kuri graphene mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ikoranabuhanga rya Massachusetts (MIT) bwavumbuye ikintu gisa n’icy’ubumaji: iyo uzungurutse gato (dogere 1.1 gusa) ibice bibiri bya graphene bitajyanye n’aho bihurira, graphene iba superconductor.
Ibi bivuze ko ishobora gutwara amashanyarazi nta bushyuhe cyangwa ubwishingizi, bigatuma habaho amahirwe ashimishije yo gutwara amashanyarazi mu gihe kizaza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba.
Imwe mu mikoreshereze itegerejwe cyane ya graphene iri muri bateri. Kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutwara ibintu, dushobora gukora bateri za graphene zishyushya vuba kandi zikamara igihe kirekire kurusha bateri za none za lithium-ion.
Amasosiyete amwe manini nka Samsung na Huawei yamaze gufata iyi nzira, agamije gushyira aya majyambere mu bikoresho byacu bya buri munsi.
“Mu 2024, twiteze ko ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibicuruzwa bya graphene bizaba biri ku isoko,” ibi byavuzwe na Andrea Ferrari, umuyobozi wa Cambridge Graphene Center akaba n’umushakashatsi muri Graphene Flagship, igikorwa gitegurwa na European Graphene. Iyi sosiyete irimo gushora imari ingana na miliyari imwe y’amayero mu mishinga ihuriweho. Iri shyirahamwe ryihutisha iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya graphene.
Abafatanyabikorwa mu bushakashatsi bwa Flagship bamaze gukora bateri za graphene zitanga ubushobozi bwo kongera 20% n'ingufu 15% kurusha bateri nziza cyane zo muri iki gihe zikoresha ingufu nyinshi. Andi makipe yakoze uturemangingo tw'izuba dukoresha graphene dufite ubushobozi bwo guhindura imirasire y'izuba amashanyarazi ku kigero cya 20%.
Nubwo hari bimwe mu bikoresho bya kera byakoresheje ubushobozi bwa graphene, nk'ibikoresho bya siporo bya Head, ibyiza biri imbere. Nk'uko Ferrari yabivuze: “Tuvuga kuri graphene, ariko mu by'ukuri tuvuga ku buryo bwinshi burimo kwigwa. Ibintu birimo kugenda mu cyerekezo cyiza.”
Iyi nkuru yavuguruwe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhanga bw’ubukorano, igenzurwa, kandi itunganywa n’abanditsi ba HowStuffWorks.
Uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya siporo Head rwakoresheje ibi bikoresho bitangaje. Umupira wabo wa tenisi wa Graphene XT uvuga ko woroshyeho 20% ku buremere bumwe. Iri ni ikoranabuhanga rigezweho koko!
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-21-2023