Ko te tikanga whakapūngao matū he tikanga tuku iho mō te whakarite i te karāpeti whakawhanui. I roto i tēnei tikanga, ka konatunatua te karāpeti maori ki te waikura me te matū whakauru e tika ana, ka whakahaeretia i tētahi pāmahana, ka whakaoho tonu, ka horoia, ka tātarihia, ka whakamarokehia kia puta he karāpeti whakawhanui. Kua noho te tikanga whakapūngao matū hei tikanga kua tino pakari i roto i te ahumahi me ngā painga o ngā taputapu māmā, te whakahaere watea me te utu iti.
Ko ngā mahi o te whakapūtanga matū ko te whakapūtanga me te whakaurunga. Ko te whakapūtanga o te karāpeti te tikanga matua mō te hanganga o te karāpeti whakawhanui, nā te mea ko te pai o te haere o te tauhohenga whakaurunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te whakatuwheratanga i waenga i ngā paparanga karāpeti. Ā, he tino pai te pumau o te karāpeti tūturu i te pāmahana rūma, ā, he ātete ki te waikawa me te kawakore, nō reira kāore e tauhohe ki te waikawa me te kawakore, nō reira, kua noho te tāpiri o te waikura hei wāhanga matua e tika ana mō te whakapūtanga matū.
He maha ngā momo waikura, ko ngā waikura e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā waikura totoka (pērā i te pāhare pākawa waro, te pāhare pākawa dichromate, te chromium trioxide, te pāhare pākawa waro chlorate, me ētahi atu), ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ētahi waikura waikura (pērā i te hauwai peroxide, te waikawa hauota, me ētahi atu). Kua kitea i ngā tau tata nei ko te pāhare pākawa waro te waikura matua e whakamahia ana mō te whakarite i te graphite ka taea te whakawhanui.
I raro i te mahi a te kaiwhakahāora, ka whakahāorahia te karāpiti, ā, ka huri ngā macromolecules whatunga kūpapa i roto i te paparanga karāpiti hei macromolecules papatahi me te utu pai. Nā te pānga whakahē o te utu pai kotahi, ka piki ake te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga karāpiti, ka whakaratohia he awa me te wāhi mō te intercalator kia uru maeneene ki te paparanga karāpiti. I roto i te tukanga whakarite o te karāpiti whakawhanui, ko te kaihoko intercalating he waikawa te nuinga. I ngā tau tata nei, ko te nuinga o ngā kairangahau e whakamahi ana i te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa hauota, te waikawa phosphoric, te waikawa perchloric, te waikawa whakauru me te waikawa acetic glacial.
Ko te tikanga hikohiko kei roto i te au pumau, me te otinga wai o te whakaurunga hei electrolyte, te graphite me ngā rauemi whakarewa (rauemi kowiri tira, pereti platinum, pereti mata, pereti titanium, me ētahi atu) ka hanga he anode hiato, ka whakauruhia ngā rauemi whakarewa ki roto i te electrolyte hei cathode, ka hanga he koropiko kati; ka whakairihia rānei te graphite ki roto i te electrolyte, ka whakauruhia ki roto i te electrolyte i te wa ano ki roto i te pereti kino me te pai, ka whakakahangia mā roto i ngā irahiko e rua, te tikanga whakahāngai anodic. Ka whakahāngaihia te mata o te graphite ki te carbocation. I te wa ano, i raro i te mahi whakakotahi o te kukume hiko me te rerekētanga kukū, ka whakauruhia ngā katote waikawa, ētahi atu katote intercalant polar rānei ki waenganui i ngā paparanga graphite hei hanga graphite whakawhānui.
Ki te whakatauritea ki te tikanga whakapūngao matū, ko te tikanga hikohiko mō te whakarite i te karāpeti whakawhanui i roto i te tukanga katoa me te kore e whakamahi i te whakapūngao, he nui te nui o te maimoatanga, he iti te nui o ngā matū waikura e toe ana, ka taea te hangarua i te irahiko i muri i te tauhohenga, ka whakaitihia te nui o te waikawa, ka penapenahia te utu, ka whakaitihia te parahanga taiao, ka iti te kino ki ngā taputapu, ā, ka roa ake te ora ratonga. I ngā tau tata nei, kua piki haere te tikanga hikohiko hei tikanga pai mō te whakarite i te karāpeti whakawhanui e te maha o ngā umanga me ngā painga maha.
Ko te tikanga tohatoha hau-āhuatanga ko te whakaputa i te karāpeti whakawhanui mā te whakapiri atu i te karāpeti ki te karāpeti i roto i te āhua hau me te tauhohenga whakawhanui. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakanohoia te karāpeti me te whakaurunga ki ngā pito e rua o te tauhohenga karāhe ātete-wera, ā, ka papuhia te korehau me te hiri, nō reira e mōhiotia ana ko te tikanga rūma-rua. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga ki te hanga i te halide -EG me te alkali metal -EG i roto i te ahumahi.
Ngā Painga: ka taea te whakahaere i te hanganga me te raupapa o te tauhohenga, ā, ka taea te wehewehe ngāwari i ngā matū tauhohenga me ngā hua.
Ngā ngoikoretanga: he uaua ake te taputapu tauhohenga, he uaua ake te whakahaere, nō reira he iti te putanga, ā, ko te tauhohenga me whakahaere i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei, he roa ake te wā, ā, he tino teitei ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga, me noho korehau te taiao whakarite, nō reira he nui te utu whakaputa, kāore e pai mō ngā tono whakaputa nui.
Ko te tikanga wāhanga wai whakauru ko te whakaranu tika i te rauemi kua whakaurua ki te karāpeti, i raro i te tiaki o te nekehanga o te hau kore mahi, o te pūnaha hiri rānei, hei whakamahana i te tauhohenga hei whakarite i te karāpeti ka taea te whakawhanui. He mea whakamahi noa mō te hanga i ngā matū interlaminar whakarewa-karapeti kawakore (GIC).
Ngā Painga: He māmā te tukanga tauhohenga, he tere te tere o te tauhohenga, mā te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga o ngā rauemi mata o te karāhe me ngā whakaurunga ka taea te whakatutuki i tētahi hanganga me te hanganga o te karāhe ka taea te whakawhānui, he pai ake mō te whakaputa papatipu.
Ngā Huakore: Kāore te hua i hangaia i te pumau, he uaua ki te mahi tahi me te matū whakauru kore utu e piri ana ki te mata o ngā GIC, ā, he uaua ki te whakarite i te ōritetanga o ngā matū graphite interlamellar ina he nui te maha o te hanganga.
Ko te tikanga whakarewa he whakaranu i te karāpiti ki te rauemi whakauru, ā, he whakamahana hei whakarite i te karāpiti whakawhanui. I runga i te meka ka taea e ngā wāhanga eutectic te whakaheke i te pūwāhi whakarewa o te pūnaha (i raro iho i te pūwāhi whakarewa o ia wāhanga), he tikanga tēnei mō te whakarite i ngā GIC toru, maha-wāhanga rānei mā te whakauru i ngā matū e rua, neke atu rānei (me kaha ki te hanga i tētahi pūnaha tote rewa) i waenganui i ngā paparanga karāpiti i te wā kotahi. He mea whakamahi whānuitia i roto i te whakarite i ngā pūhaumāota whakarewa - GIC.
Ngā Painga: He pai te pumau o te hua hanga, he ngāwari ki te horoi, he māmā te taputapu tauhohenga, he iti te pāmahana tauhohenga, he poto te wā, he pai mō te whakaputa nui.
Ngā Huakore: he uaua ki te whakahaere i te hanganga raupapa me te hanganga o te hua i roto i te tukanga tauhohenga, ā, he uaua ki te whakarite i te ōritetanga o te hanganga raupapa me te hanganga o te hua i roto i te hanganga papatipu.
Ko te tikanga pēhanga ko te whakaranu i te anga graphite ki te konganuku whenua kawakore me te paura konganuku whenua onge, kātahi ka tauhohe hei whakaputa i te M-GICS i raro i ngā āhuatanga pēhanga.
Ngā Huakore: Ka taea te whakahaere i te tauhohenga whakaurunga ina neke atu te pēhanga kohu o te konganuku i tētahi paepae; Heoi, he tino teitei rawa te pāmahana, he ngāwari ki te hanga i ngā warowaihā o te konganuku me te karāpeti, he tauhohenga kino, nō reira me whakahaere te pāmahana tauhohenga i roto i tētahi whānuitanga. He tino teitei te pāmahana whakaurunga o ngā konganuku whenua onge, nō reira me whakamahi te pēhanga hei whakaiti i te pāmahana tauhohenga. He pai tēnei tikanga mō te whakarite i ngā GICS konganuku me te ira rewa iti, engari he uaua te taputapu, ā, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga whakahaere, nō reira he onge te whakamahinga i nāianei.
Ko te tikanga pahūtanga e whakamahi ana i te karāpeti me te kaihoko whakawhanui pērā i te KClO4, Mg(ClO4)2·nH2O, Zn(NO3)2·nH2O pyropyros, i ngā ranunga rānei kua oti te whakarite. Ina werahia, ka tauhohe te karāpeti i te wā kotahi, ka uru te matū cambium, ka whakawhanuitia i roto i te huarahi "pahūtanga", ka puta he karāpeti whakawhanui. Ina whakamahia te tote whakarewa hei kaihoko whakawhanui, ka uaua ake te hua, ehara i te mea ko te karāpeti whakawhanui anake, engari ko te whakarewa anō hoki.
