Mō te kitenga me te whakamahinga o te karāpeti maramara, he take kua tuhia pai, i te wā i puta ai te pukapuka Shuijing Zhu tuatahi, e kī ana "he maunga karāpeti kei te taha o te awa o Luoshui". He mangu katoa ngā toka, nō reira he iti noa ngā pukapuka, nō reira he rongonui mō ā rātou karāpeti. " E whakaatu ana ngā kitenga whaipara tangata i te 3,000 tau ki muri i te wā o te Whare Ariki o Shang, i whakamahia e Haina te karāpeti hei tuhi i ngā tohu, ā, i mau tonu tēnei tae noa ki te mutunga o te Whare Ariki o Han ki te Rawhiti (AD 220). I whakakapia te karāpeti hei mangumangu pukapuka ki te mangumangu tupeka paina. I te wā o Daoguang o te Whare Ariki o Qing (AD 1821-1850), i keria e ngā kaimahi pāmu i Chenzhou, te Porowini o Hunan te karāpeti maramara hei wahie, i huaina ko te "waro hinu".
Ko te ingoa Pākehā o te Graphite i ahu mai i te kupu Kariki "graphite in", ko tōna tikanga "ki te tuhituhi". I tapaina e te matū Tiamana me te tohunga kohuke a AGWerner i te tau 1789.
Ko te tātai ngota o te karāpeti maramara ko C, ā, ko tōna taumaha ngota ko 12.01. He pango rino te karāpeti tūturu, he hina maitai, he pango kanapa ngā rārangi pango, he kanapa whakarewa, he mātotoru hoki. Nō te akomanga o ngā tioata hexagonal biconical matatini te tioata, arā, he tioata pereti hexagonal. Ko ngā āhua simplex noa ko ngā pou taha-rua whakarara, he hexagonal biconical me he hexagonal, engari he onge te āhua tioata kāore i pakaru, ā, he unahi, he pereti rānei te nuinga o te wā. Ngā tawhā: a0=0.246nm, c0=0.670nm He hanganga paparanga noa, kei reira ngā ngota waro e whakarite ana i roto i ngā paparanga, ā, he ōrite te hononga o ia waro ki te waro tata, ā, ko te waro i roto i ia paparanga e whakarite ana i roto i te mowhiti hexagonal. Ko ngā mowhiti hexagonal o te waro i roto i ngā paparanga o runga me raro e nekehia ana i te ahunga whakarara ki te mata mata, kātahi ka whakarārangihia hei hanga i tētahi hanganga paparanga. Ko ngā ahunga me ngā tawhiti rerekē o te nekenga ka arahi ki ngā hanganga polymorphic rerekē. He nui ake te tawhiti i waenga i ngā ngota waro i ngā paparanga o runga me raro i tērā i waenga i ngā ngota waro i te paparanga kotahi (te mokowā CC i ngā paparanga =0.142nm, te mokowā CC i waenga i ngā paparanga =0.340nm). 2.09-2.23 te taumaha motuhake me te horahanga mata motuhake 5-10m2/g. He anisotropic te pakeke, ko te papa tapahi poutū he 3-5, ā, ko te papa tapahi whakarara he 1-2. He maha ngā konupūmā he unahi, he pūkohu, he oneone. He pai te kawe hiko me te wera o te kirikiri karāpiti. Ko ngā kirikiri kohuke he mātotoru i raro i te mārama e tukuna ana, ko ngā kirikiri tino angiangi he kakariki-hina mārama, he kotahi-axial, me te taupū whakaata o te 1.93 ~ 2.07. I raro i te mārama whakaata, he parauri-hina mārama, he mārama te whakaata maha-tae, he hina Ro me te parauri, he hina kikorangi pouri Re, he whakaata Ro23 (whero), he Re5.5 (whero), he mārama te tae whakaata me te whakaata takirua, he kaha te rerekētanga me te porowhita. Ngā āhuatanga tautuhi: pango rino, iti te pakeke, he rōpū tino tino tika te kaki, ngāwari, pahekeheke te āhua, ngāwari te paninga o ngā ringaringa. Mena ka pania ngā matūriki konutea kua mākūhia ki te wai konupūmā konupūmā ki runga i te karāpeti, ka taea te puta he ira konupūmā whakarewa, engari kāore he tauhohenga pērā o te molybdenite e rite ana ki a ia.
Ko te karāpiti he allotrope o te waro taketake (ko ētahi atu allotrope ko te taimana, te waro 60, ngā nanotube waro me te karāpene), ā, ko te taha o ia ngota waro e hono ana ki ētahi atu ngota waro e toru (he maha ngā hexagon kua whakaritea i roto i te āhua honikoma) hei hanga i ngā ngota irahiko. Nā te mea ka tukuna e ia ngota waro he irahiko, ka taea e aua irahiko te neke noa, nō reira he kaiārahi hiko te karāpiti papatahi. Ko te papa wehenga e whakahaerehia ana e ngā hononga ngota ngota, he ngoikore te kukume ki ngā ngota ngota, nō reira he tino pai tōna āhua māori. Nā te momo hononga motuhake o te karāpiti papatahi, kāore e taea te whakaaro he tioata kotahi, he polycrystal rānei te karāpiti papatahi. Ināianei e whakaarohia whānuitia ana ko te karāpiti papatahi he momo tioata whakauru.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi-04-2022