He aha ka graphene? He mea kilokilo kupaianaha

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nui ka nānā ʻana i ka graphene supermaterial. Akā he aha ka graphene? ʻĀ, e noʻonoʻo i kahi mea i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kila, akā he 1000 manawa ka māmā ma mua o ka pepa.
I ka makahiki 2004, ua "pāʻani" ʻelua mau kānaka ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Manchester, ʻo Andrei Geim lāua ʻo Konstantin Novoselov, me ka graphite. ʻAe, ʻo ia ka mea like āu e ʻike ai ma ka piko o ka penikala. Ua hoihoi lākou i ka mea a makemake e ʻike inā hiki ke wehe ʻia i hoʻokahi papa. No laila ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea hana ʻokoʻa: ka lipine duct.
"Hoʻomoe ʻoe [i ka lipine] ma luna o ka graphite a i ʻole ka mica a laila e ʻili i ka papa luna," wahi a Heim i ka BBC. Lele nā ​​ʻāpana graphite mai ka lipine. A laila pelu i ka lipine i ka hapalua a hoʻopili iā ia i ka pepa luna, a laila hoʻokaʻawale hou iā lākou. A laila hana hou ʻoe i kēia kaʻina hana he 10 a 20 paha manawa.
"I kēlā me kēia manawa e wāwahi ai nā ʻōpala i nā ʻōpala lahilahi a lahilahi. I ka hopena, e waiho ana nā ʻōpala lahilahi loa ma ke kāʻei. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻoe i ka lipine a hoʻoheheʻe nā mea āpau."
ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua hana mana ke ʻano lipine. Ua alakaʻi kēia hoʻokolohua hoihoi i ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻāpana graphene papa hoʻokahi.
I ka makahiki 2010, ua loaʻa iā Heim lāua ʻo Novoselov ka Nobel Prize ma Physics no ko lāua ʻike ʻana i ka graphene, kahi mea i haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi lattice hexagonal, e like me ka uea moa.
ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui he mea kupaianaha ka graphene ʻo kona ʻano. ʻIke ʻia kahi papa hoʻokahi o ka graphene maʻemaʻe e like me kahi papa o nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano hexagonal lattice. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano honeycomb atomic-scale i ka graphene i kona ikaika kupaianaha.
He hōkū uila nō hoʻi ʻo Graphene. I ka mahana o ka lumi, alakaʻi maikaʻi ia i ka uila ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻomanaʻo i kēlā mau ʻātoma kalapona a mākou i kūkākūkā ai? ʻĀ, loaʻa iā lākou kekahi electron keu i kapa ʻia he electron pi. Neʻe manuahi kēia electron, e ʻae ana iā ia e alakaʻi i ka conduction ma o nā papa he nui o ka graphene me ka liʻiliʻi o ke kūʻē.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea kupanaha i loko o kahi noiʻi hou i ka graphene ma ka Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): ke hoʻohuli iki ʻoe (1.1 degere wale nō) i ʻelua papa o ka graphene mai ke kūlike ʻole, lilo ka graphene i superconductor.
ʻO ke ʻano kēia hiki iā ia ke alakaʻi i ka uila me ke kūʻē ʻole a i ʻole ka wela, e wehe ana i nā mea hiki ke hana no ka superconductivity e hiki mai ana i ka mahana o ka lumi.
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana i manaʻo nui ʻia o ka graphene i loko o nā pila. Mahalo i kona conductivity kiʻekiʻe, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā pila graphene e hoʻopiʻi wikiwiki a lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā pila lithium-ion o kēia wā.
Ua lawe mua kekahi mau ʻoihana nui e like me Samsung lāua ʻo Huawei i kēia ala, me ka manaʻo e hoʻokomo i kēia mau holomua i kā mākou mau mea hana o kēlā me kēia lā.
"Ma ka makahiki 2024, ke manaʻo nei mākou e loaʻa nā huahana graphene ma ka mākeke," wahi a Andrea Ferrari, ka luna hoʻokele o ke kikowaena ʻo Cambridge Graphene a he mea noiʻi ma ka Graphene Flagship, kahi hana i mālama ʻia e European Graphene. Ke hoʻokomo nei ka hui i 1 biliona euros i nā papahana hui. Hoʻolalelale ka hui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana graphene.
Ke hana nei nā hoa noiʻi o Flagship i nā pila graphene e hāʻawi ana i ka 20% ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana a me 15% ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu ma mua o nā pila ikehu kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa o kēia lā. Ua hana nā hui ʻē aʻe i nā cell solar i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka graphene he 20 pakeneka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lā i ka uila.
ʻOiai aia kekahi mau huahana mua i hoʻohana i ka hiki o ka graphene, e like me nā lako haʻuki Head, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa e hiki mai ana. E like me ka ʻōlelo a Ferrari: "Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka graphene, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka nui o nā koho e aʻo ʻia nei. Ke neʻe nei nā mea ma ke ala kūpono."
Ua hōʻano hou ʻia kēia ʻatikala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana naʻauao artificial, ua nānā ʻia nā ʻoiaʻiʻo, a ua hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā mea hoʻoponopono o HowStuffWorks.
Ua hoʻohana ka mea hana lako haʻuki ʻo Head i kēia mea kupaianaha. Ua ʻōlelo kā lākou raketa tenisi Graphene XT he 20% ka māmā ma ke kaumaha like. He ʻenehana kipi maoli kēia!
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