A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an mai da hankali sosai ga graphene mai ƙarfi. Amma menene graphene? To, ka yi tunanin wani abu da ya fi ƙarfe ƙarfi sau 200, amma ya fi takarda sauƙi sau 1000.
A shekara ta 2004, masana kimiyya biyu daga Jami'ar Manchester, Andrei Geim da Konstantin Novoselov, sun "yi wasa" da graphite. Haka ne, abu ɗaya da kuke samu a kan fensir. Sun yi sha'awar kayan kuma suna son sanin ko za a iya cire shi a cikin layi ɗaya. Don haka suka sami wani kayan aiki na musamman: tef ɗin bututu.
"Ka sanya [tef] ɗin a kan graphite ko mica sannan ka cire saman Layer ɗin," Heim ya bayyana wa BBC. Ƙwallayen graphite suna tashi daga tef ɗin. Sannan ka ninka tef ɗin biyu ka manne shi a saman takardar, sannan ka sake raba su. Sannan ka maimaita wannan tsari sau 10 ko 20.
"Duk lokacin da ƙurajen suka tarwatse suka zama ƙuraje masu sirara da sirara. A ƙarshe, ƙuraje masu sirara suna nan a kan bel ɗin. Kuna narkar da tef ɗin kuma komai yana narkewa."
Abin mamaki, hanyar tef ɗin ta yi abubuwan al'ajabi. Wannan gwaji mai ban sha'awa ya haifar da gano ƙurar graphene mai layi ɗaya.
A shekarar 2010, Heim da Novoselov sun sami kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi saboda gano graphene, wani abu da ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin carbon da aka shirya a cikin wani layi mai siffar hexagonal, kamar wayar kaza.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa graphene yake da ban mamaki shine tsarinsa. Layi ɗaya na graphene mai tsabta yana bayyana kamar layin ƙwayoyin carbon da aka shirya a cikin tsarin lattice mai siffar hexagonal. Wannan tsarin saƙar zuma mai siffar atomic yana ba graphene ƙarfinsa mai ban mamaki.
Graphene kuma tauraro ne na lantarki. A yanayin zafi na ɗaki, yana fitar da wutar lantarki fiye da kowane abu.
Ka tuna da waɗannan ƙwayoyin carbon da muka tattauna? To, kowannensu yana da ƙarin electron da ake kira pi electron. Wannan electron yana motsawa cikin 'yanci, yana ba shi damar gudanar da watsawa ta cikin layuka da yawa na graphene ba tare da juriya ba.
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan kan graphene a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) ya gano wani abu mai kama da sihiri: idan ka juya layuka biyu na graphene daga daidaito, graphene zai zama superconductor.
Wannan yana nufin zai iya sarrafa wutar lantarki ba tare da juriya ko zafi ba, wanda hakan ke buɗe damarmaki masu ban sha'awa don samun ƙarfin lantarki a nan gaba a zafin ɗaki.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake sa ran amfani da graphene shine a cikin batura. Godiya ga ingantaccen ƙarfinsa, za mu iya samar da batirin graphene waɗanda ke caji da sauri kuma suna daɗewa fiye da batirin lithium-ion na zamani.
Wasu manyan kamfanoni kamar Samsung da Huawei sun riga sun ɗauki wannan hanyar, suna da nufin gabatar da waɗannan ci gaba a cikin na'urorinmu na yau da kullun.
"Nan da shekarar 2024, muna sa ran samun nau'ikan kayayyakin graphene iri-iri," in ji Andrea Ferrari, darektan Cibiyar Cambridge Graphene kuma mai bincike a Graphene Flagship, wani shiri da European Graphene ke gudanarwa. Kamfanin yana zuba jarin Yuro biliyan 1 a ayyukan hadin gwiwa. Kawancen yana hanzarta ci gaban fasahar graphene.
Abokan hulɗar bincike na Flagship sun riga sun ƙirƙiri batirin graphene waɗanda ke samar da ƙarin ƙarfin aiki da kashi 20% da kuma ƙarin kuzari da kashi 15% fiye da mafi kyawun batirin makamashi na yau. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun ƙirƙiri ƙwayoyin hasken rana da ke amfani da graphene waɗanda suka fi inganci da kashi 20% wajen canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki.
Duk da cewa akwai wasu samfuran farko da suka yi amfani da damar graphene, kamar kayan wasanni na Head, mafi kyawun abu har yanzu yana nan. Kamar yadda Ferrari ya lura: "Muna magana ne game da graphene, amma a zahiri muna magana ne game da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa da ake nazari a kansu. Abubuwa suna tafiya daidai."
An sabunta wannan labarin ta amfani da fasahar leƙen asiri ta wucin gadi, an duba gaskiya, kuma editocin HowStuffWorks sun gyara shi.
Kamfanin kera kayan wasanni Head ya yi amfani da wannan kayan mai ban mamaki. Raket ɗin wasan tennis ɗinsu na Graphene XT ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da sauƙi kashi 20% a nauyinsa ɗaya. Wannan fasaha ce mai juyin juya hali!
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Lokacin Saƙo: Nuwamba-21-2023