Indlela yokuxilisa amakhemikhali iyindlela yendabuko yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo. Kule ndlela, i-graphite yemvelo ethambile ixutshwa ne-oxidant kanye ne-intercalating agent efanele, ilawulwa ekushiseni okuthile, ivuselelwe njalo, igezwe, ihlungwe futhi yomiswe ukuze kutholakale i-graphite enwebekayo. Indlela yokuxilisa amakhemikhali isibe yindlela evuthiwe embonini enezinzuzo zemishini elula, ukusebenza okulula kanye nezindleko eziphansi.
Izinyathelo zenqubo yokushiswa kwamakhemikhali zifaka phakathi ukushiswa kanye nokuhlangana. Ukushiswa kwe-graphite kuyisimo esiyisisekelo sokwakheka kwe-graphite enwebekayo, ngoba ukuthi ukusabela kokushiswa kungaqhubeka kahle yini kuncike ezingeni lokuvula phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite. Futhi i-graphite yemvelo ekushiseni kwegumbi inokuqina okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana ne-asidi kanye ne-alkali, ngakho-ke ayisabelani ne-asidi kanye ne-alkali, ngakho-ke, ukungezwa kwe-oxidant sekuyinto ebalulekile ebalulekile ekushisweni kwamakhemikhali.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-oxidants, ama-oxidants asetshenziswa kakhulu angama-solid oxidants (njenge-potassium permanganate, i-potassium dichromate, i-chromium trioxide, i-potassium chlorate, njll.), angaba futhi amanye ama-oxidizing liquid oxidants (njenge-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, njll.). Eminyakeni yamuva nje kutholakale ukuthi i-potassium permanganate iyi-oxidant eyinhloko esetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni i-graphite enwebekayo.
Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-oxidizer, i-graphite iyancishiswa futhi ama-macromolecule enethiwekhi engathathi hlangothi kungqimba lwe-graphite aba ama-macromolecule ahleliwe ane-chaji enhle. Ngenxa yomphumela oxoshayo we-chaji efanayo enhle, ibanga phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite liyakhula, okunikeza isiteshi nendawo yokuthi i-intercalator ingene kungqimba lwe-graphite kahle. Enqubweni yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo, i-ejenti ehlanganisayo ikakhulukazi i-acid. Eminyakeni yamuva, abacwaningi basebenzisa kakhulu i-sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-mixed acid kanye ne-glacial acetic acid.
Indlela ye-electrochemical isesimweni samandla aqhubekayo, kanye nesixazululo samanzi se-insert njengoba i-electrolyte, i-graphite nezinto zensimbi (izinto zensimbi engagqwali, ipuleti le-platinum, ipuleti le-lead, ipuleti le-titanium, njll.) zakha i-anode ehlanganisiwe, izinto zensimbi ezifakwe ku-electrolyte njenge-cathode, zakha iluphu elivaliwe; Noma i-graphite elenga ku-electrolyte, ku-electrolyte ngesikhathi esifanayo ifakwe kupuleti elibi nelihle, ngokusebenzisa ama-electrode amabili anikwa amandla, i-anodic oxidation. Ubuso be-graphite bu-oxidation bube yi-carbocation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphansi kwesenzo esihlangene sokukhanga kwe-electrostatic kanye nokwehlukaniswa komehluko wokuhlushwa, ama-ion e-acid noma amanye ama-ion e-polar intercalant afakwa phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite ukuze akhe i-graphite enwebekayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yokuxiliswa kwamakhemikhali, indlela ye-electrochemical yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo kuyo yonke inqubo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-oxidant, inani lokwelashwa likhulu, inani elisele lezinto ezibolayo lincane, i-electrolyte ingaphinde isetshenziswe ngemva kokusabela, inani le-asidi liyancishiswa, izindleko ziyalondolozwa, ukungcola kwemvelo kuyancishiswa, umonakalo wemishini uphansi, futhi impilo yesevisi iyandiswa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, indlela ye-electrochemical iye yaba yindlela ekhethwayo yokulungiselela i-graphite enwebekayo yizinkampani eziningi ezinezinzuzo eziningi.
Indlela yokusabalalisa igesi ngesigaba iwukukhiqiza i-graphite enwebekayo ngokuxhumana ne-intercalator ne-graphite ngesimo segesi kanye nokusabela okuhlanganisiwe. Ngokuvamile, i-graphite kanye ne-insert kubekwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-reactor yengilazi engashisi, futhi i-vacuum iyapompelwa futhi ivalwe, ngakho-ke yaziwa nangokuthi indlela yamakamelo amabili. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa i-halide-EG kanye ne-alkali metal-EG embonini.
Izinzuzo: isakhiwo kanye nokuhleleka kwe-reactor kungalawulwa, futhi ama-reactant kanye nemikhiqizo kungahlukaniswa kalula.
Okubi: idivayisi yokusabela iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukusebenza kunzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke umphumela ulinganiselwe, futhi ukusabela okufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu, isikhathi side, futhi izimo zokusabela ziphakeme kakhulu, indawo yokulungiselela kumele ibe yi-vacuum, ngakho-ke izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphakeme kakhulu, azifaneleki izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhiqiza ezinkulu.
Indlela yesigaba soketshezi oluxubile iwukuxuba ngqo izinto ezifakiwe ne-graphite, ngaphansi kwesivikelo sokuhamba kwegesi engasebenzi noma uhlelo lokuvala ukuze kulungiswe i-graphite enwebekayo. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni ama-alkali metal-graphite interlaminar compounds (GICs).
Izinzuzo: Inqubo yokusabela ilula, isivinini sokusabela siyashesha, ngokushintsha isilinganiso sezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-graphite kanye nokufakwa kungafinyelela isakhiwo esithile kanye nokwakheka kwe-graphite enwebekayo, efaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizweni okukhulu.
Okubi: Umkhiqizo owakhiwe awuzinzile, kunzima ukubhekana nento efakiwe yamahhala enamathiselwe ebusweni be-GIC, futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwama-graphite interlamellar compounds lapho inani elikhulu lokwenziwa liqina.
Indlela yokuncibilikisa iwukuxuba i-graphite nezinto ezihlanganayo kanye nokushisa ukuze kulungiselelwe i-graphite enwebekayo. Ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi izingxenye ze-eutectic zinganciphisa iphuzu lokuncibilika kwesistimu (ngaphansi kwephuzu lokuncibilika kwengxenye ngayinye), kuyindlela yokulungiselela ama-GIC amathathu noma amaningi ngokufaka izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu (okumelwe zikwazi ukwakha uhlelo lukasawoti oluncibilikisiwe) phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni ama-chloride ensimbi - ama-GIC.
Izinzuzo: Umkhiqizo wokwenziwa uzinzile kahle, kulula ukuwasha, idivayisi yokusabela elula, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokusabela, isikhathi esifushane, ofanele ukukhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu.
Okubi: kunzima ukulawula isakhiwo sokuhleleka kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo enqubweni yokusabela, futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo sokuhleleka kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo ekuhlanganisweni kwesisindo.
Indlela ecindezelwe iwukuxuba i-graphite matrix ne-alkaline earth metal kanye ne-rare earth metal powder bese isabela ekukhiqizeni i-M-GICS ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelwe.
Okubi: Kuphela uma ingcindezi yomhwamuko wensimbi idlula umkhawulo othile, ukusabela kokufakwa kungenziwa; Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, kulula ukubangela insimbi ne-graphite ukuthi zakhe ama-carbide, ukusabela okungekuhle, ngakho izinga lokushisa lokusabela kumele lilawulwe ebangeni elithile. Izinga lokushisa lokufakwa kwezinsimbi ezingavamile zomhlaba liphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke ingcindezi kumele isetshenziswe ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa lokusabela. Le ndlela ifanele ukulungiswa kwe-metal-GICS enephuzu eliphansi lokuncibilika, kodwa idivayisi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi izidingo zokusebenza ziqinile, ngakho-ke ayisetshenziswa kakhulu manje.
Indlela yokuqhuma ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-graphite kanye ne-ejenti yokwandisa njenge-KClO4, Mg(ClO4)2·nH2O, Zn(NO3)2·nH2O pyropyros noma izingxube ezilungiselelwe, uma ishiswa, i-graphite izosebenza ngasikhathi sinye njenge-oxidation kanye ne-intercalation reaction cambium compound, ezobe inwetshwa ngendlela "yokuqhuma", ngaleyo ndlela ithole i-graphite enwetshiwe. Lapho usawoti wensimbi usetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokwandisa, umkhiqizo uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ongenayo i-graphite enwetshiwe kuphela, kodwa futhi nensimbi.
