Ngokuphathelene nokutholakala nokusetshenziswa kwe-flake graphite, kunecala elibhalwe kahle, lapho incwadi ethi Shuijing Zhu yayiyeyokuqala, eyathi “kukhona intaba ye-graphite eceleni koMfula iLuoshui”. Amatshe amnyama wonke, ngakho-ke izincwadi zingaba zimbalwa, ngakho zidumile nge-graphite yazo.” Okutholakele kwezinto zakudala kubonisa ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-3,000 eyedlule eShang Dynasty, iShayina yayisebenzisa i-graphite ukubhala izinhlamvu, ezaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni koMbuso waseMpumalanga Han (AD 220). I-Graphite njengoyinki wencwadi yathathelwa indawo yi-pine gubary. Ngesikhathi seDaoguang soMbuso waseQing (AD 1821-1850), abalimi eChenzhou, eSifundazweni saseHunan babemba i-flake graphite njengophethiloli, okwakubizwa ngokuthi “i-oil carbon”.
Igama lesiNgisi elithi Graphite livela egameni lesiGreki elithi “graphite in”, elisho “ukubhala”. Laqanjwa yisazi semithi kanye nesazi seminyuziyamu saseJalimane u-AGWerner ngo-1789.
Ifomula yama-molecule ye-flake graphite ingu-C kanti isisindo sayo sama-molecule singu-12.01. I-graphite yemvelo inombala omnyama nompunga wensimbi, inemigqa emnyama ekhanyayo, ukukhanya kwensimbi kanye nokungacaci. I-crystal ingeyesigaba sama-crystal ayinkimbinkimbi angama-hexagonal biconical, angama-crystals e-hexagonal plate. Izinhlobo ezivamile ze-simplex zifaka amakholomu ahambisanayo ahlangothini oluphindwe kabili, ama-hexagonal biconical kanye nama-hexagonal, kodwa isimo se-crystal esingaguquki asivamile, futhi ngokuvamile sinomumo we-scaly noma we-plate. Amapharamitha: a0=0.246nm, c0=0.670nm Isakhiwo esijwayelekile esinezingqimba, lapho ama-athomu e-carbon ahlelwe khona ngezingqimba, futhi i-carbon ngayinye ixhunywe ngokulinganayo ne-carbon eseduze, kanti i-carbon esengqimbeni ngasinye ihlelwe ngendandatho yama-hexagonal. Amasongo ama-hexagonal e-carbon ezingqimbeni ezingenhla nezingezansi eziseduze ahlukaniswa ngokuhambisana ohlangothini oluhambisana nendiza ye-mesh bese ehlanganiswa ukuze akhe isakhiwo esinezingqimba. Izikhombisi-ndlela ezahlukene kanye namabanga okufuduka kuholela ezakhiweni ezahlukene ze-polymorphic. Ibanga phakathi kwama-athomu ekhabhoni ezingqimbeni eziphezulu nezingezansi likhulu kakhulu kunalelo eliphakathi kwama-athomu ekhabhoni esendlaleloni esifanayo (isikhala se-CC ezingqimbeni = 0.142nm, isikhala se-CC phakathi kwezingqimba = 0.340nm). Amandla adonsela phansi angu-2.09-2.23 kanye nendawo ethile yobuso engu-5-10m2/g. Ubulukhuni buyi-anisotropic, indiza yokuqhekeka eqondile ingu-3-5, kanti indiza yokuqhekeka ehambisanayo ingu-1-2. Ama-Aggregate avame ukuba nama-scaly, ama-lumpy futhi anomhlaba. I-Graphite flake inomoya omuhle kagesi nokushisa. Ama-flakes amaminerali ngokuvamile awabonakali kahle ngaphansi kokukhanya okudlulisiwe, ama-flakes amancane kakhulu aluhlaza okotshani okumpunga, a-uniaxial, ane-refractive index engu-1.93 ~ 2.07. Ngaphansi kokukhanya okubonisiwe, anombala onsundu ompunga okhanyayo, anombala ocacile wokukhanya, i-Ro grey enombala onsundu, i-Re dark blue grey, i-reflectivity Ro23 (obomvu), i-Re5.5 (obomvu), umbala wokukhanya osobala kanye nokukhanya okuphindwe kabili, ukungafani okuqinile kanye ne-polarization. Izici zokuhlonza: insimbi emnyama, ubulukhuni obuphansi, iqembu lokuqhekeka okuphelele kakhulu, ukuguquguquka, umuzwa oshelelayo, kulula ukungcolisa izandla. Uma izinhlayiya ze-zinc ezimanziswe yisisombululo se-copper sulfate zifakwa ku-graphite, amabala ethusi ensimbi angavela, kuyilapho i-molybdenite efana nayo ingenawo ukusabela okunjalo.
I-Graphite iyi-allotrope ye-elemental carbon (amanye ama-allotrope afaka idayimane, i-carbon 60, ama-carbon nanotubes kanye ne-graphene), kanti umngcele we-athomu ngayinye ye-carbon uxhunywe namanye ama-athomu amathathu e-carbon (ama-hexagon amaningi ahlelwe ngesimo se-honeycomb) ukwakha ama-molecule e-covalent. Njengoba i-athomu ngayinye ye-carbon ikhipha i-electron, lawo ma-electron angahamba ngokukhululeka, ngakho-ke i-flake graphite iyi-conductor kagesi. I-cleavage plane ilawulwa yizibopho zama-molecule, ezinokukhanga okubuthakathaka kuma-molecule, ngakho-ke ukuntanta kwayo kwemvelo kuhle kakhulu. Ngenxa yendlela ekhethekile yokubopha ye-flake graphite, asikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi i-flake graphite iyikristalu eyodwa noma i-polycrystal. Manje ngokuvamile kubhekwa ukuthi i-flake graphite uhlobo lwekristalu exubile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-04-2022