Indlela ye-Chemical oxidation yindlela yesintu yokulungisa igraphite eyongezelekayo. Kule ndlela, i-graphite ye-flake yendalo ixutywe kunye ne-oxidant efanelekileyo kunye ne-intercalating agent, elawulwa kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, ishukunyiswa rhoqo, kwaye ihlanjwe, ihluzwe kwaye yomiswe ukufumana igraphite ekwandiswayo. Indlela ye-Chemical oxidation iye yaba yindlela ekhulileyo kwishishini kunye neenzuzo zezixhobo ezilula, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko eziphantsi.
Amanyathelo enkqubo ye-chemical oxidation ibandakanya i-oxidation kunye ne-intercalation.I-oxidation ye-graphite yimeko esisiseko yokwakheka kwegraphite ekwandiswayo, kuba ingaba i-intercalation reaction ingaqhubeka kakuhle ixhomekeke kwiqondo lokuvula phakathi kweegrafu zegrafu. Kwaye igraphite yendalo kwiqondo lokushisa elimangalisayo linozinzo olubalaseleyo kunye ne-asidi kunye nokumelana ne-alkali, ngoko ayifuni, ngoko ke, i-asidi eyimfuneko kunye ne-alkali ye-alkali iyimfuneko. i-chemical oxidation.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-oxidants, ii-oxidants ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zizii-oxidants eziqinileyo (ezifana ne-potassium permanganate, i-potassium dichromate, i-chromium trioxide, i-potassium chlorate, njl.njl.), nazo zinokuba yi-oxidants e-oxidizing engamanzi (efana ne-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, njl.). Kufunyaniswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukuba i-potassium permanganate yeyona oxidant isetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni igraphite enokunwebeka.
Ngaphantsi kwesenzo se-oxidizer, i-graphite i-oxidized kwaye i-macromolecules yenethiwekhi engathathi hlangothi kwi-graphite layer ibe yi-macromolecules ecwangcisiweyo enentlawulo efanelekileyo. Ngenxa yempembelelo echasayo yentlawulo efanayo, umgama phakathi kweengqimba zegraphite uyanda, obonelela ngomjelo kunye nendawo yokuba i-intercalator ingene kwi-graphite layer ngokutyibilikayo. Kwinkqubo yokulungiselela igraphite eyandisiweyo, i-agent intercalating ikakhulu i-asidi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi basebenzisa i-sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-acid exutywe kunye ne-glacial acetic acid.
Indlela ye-Electrochemical ikwi-current current, kunye nesisombululo esinamanzi sokufaka njenge-electrolyte, igraphite kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi (izinto zensimbi ezingenasici, iplatinum iplatinum, i-lead plate, i-titanium plate, njl.) zenza i-anode edibeneyo, izinto zetsimbi ezifakwe kwi-electrolyte njenge-cathode, zenza i-loop evaliweyo; Okanye i-graphite inqunyanyiswe kwi-electrolyte, kwi-electrolyte ngexesha elifanayo lifakwe kwipleyiti engalunganga kunye ne-positive, ngokusebenzisa i-electrodes ezimbini zinamandla indlela, i-anodic oxidation. Umphezulu wegraphite oxidized kwi carbocation. Kwangaxeshanye, phantsi kwesenzo esidityanisiweyo sokutsala umtsalane we-electrostatic kunye ne-concentration difference diffusion, iiyoni zeasidi okanye ezinye ii-ion ze-polar intercalant zifakwe phakathi kweeleya zegraphite ukuze zenze igraphite enokwandiswa.
Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yekhemikhali ye-oxidation, indlela ye-electrochemical yokulungiswa kwegraphite ekwandiswayo kuyo yonke inkqubo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-oxidant, isixa sonyango sikhulu, intsalela yezinto ezonakalisayo incinci, i-electrolyte inokuphinda isetyenziswe emva kokusabela, isixa se-asidi sincitshisiwe, iindleko zigcinwa, ukungcoliseka kwendalo kuncitshisiwe, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo luyancitshiswa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuncipha kongcoliseko lwendalo kunye nobomi obuncinci. Indlela ye-electrochemical ngokuthe ngcembe ibe yindlela ekhethwayo yokulungiselela igraphite eyandiswayo ngamashishini amaninzi aneenzuzo ezininzi.
Indlela yokusabalalisa i-gas-phase kukuvelisa i-graphite ekwandiswayo ngokuqhagamshelana ne-intercalator nge-graphite kwifom yegesi kunye ne-intercalating reaction.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-graphite kunye ne-insert zibekwe kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-reactor yeglasi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu, kwaye i-vacuum iphonswa kwaye itywinwe, ngoko ke yaziwa ngokuba yindlela yamagumbi amabini -eg-i-alsize i-metal synthed.
Izinto ezilungileyo: ubume kunye nomyalelo we-reactor unokulawulwa, kwaye ii-reactants kunye neemveliso zinokwahlulwa ngokulula.
Ukungalungi: isixhobo sokusabela sinzima ngakumbi, ukusebenza kunzima ngakumbi, ngoko ke imveliso ilinganiselwe, kwaye impendulo kufuneka iqhutywe phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zokushisa, ixesha elide, kunye neemeko zokusabela ziphezulu kakhulu, indawo yokulungisa kufuneka ibe yi-vacuum, ngoko ke ixabiso lemveliso liphezulu kakhulu, alifanelekanga kwizicelo zemveliso ezinkulu.
Indlela yesigaba solwelo oluxubeneyo kukuxuba ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezifakiweyo kunye negraphite, phantsi kokhuseleko lokushukuma kwegesi engasebenziyo okanye inkqubo yokutywina yokusabela kokufudumeza ukulungiselela igraphite eyandiswayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa i-alkali metal-graphite interlaminar compounds (GICs).
Izinto eziluncedo: Inkqubo yokusabela ilula, isantya yokusabela ngokukhawuleza, ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo wezinto zegrafu ekrwada kunye nokufakwa unokufikelela kwisakhiwo esithile kunye nokwakhiwa kwegraphite eyandisiweyo, ilungele ngakumbi imveliso yobuninzi.
Ukungalungi: Imveliso eyenziweyo ayizinzile, kunzima ukujongana ne-substance efakwe mahhala efakwe kwi-surface ye-GICs, kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwe-graphite interlamellar compounds xa inani elikhulu le-synthesis.
Indlela yokunyibilika kukuxuba igraphite kunye nezinto ezixubeneyo kunye nobushushu ukulungiselela igraphite eyandisiweyo.Ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba amacandelo eutectic angathoba indawo yokunyibilika kwenkqubo (ngaphantsi kwendawo yokunyibilika yecandelo ngalinye), yindlela yokulungiselela i-GICs ye-ternary okanye i-multicomponent ngokufaka izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu (ekufuneka ikwazi ukwenza i-molten ngokulinganayo inkqubo yetyuwa). isetyenziswe ekulungiseleleni iikloridi zetsimbi - GICs.
Izinto eziluncedo: Imveliso yokudibanisa inozinzo oluhle, kulula ukuyihlamba, isixhobo sokusabela esilula, ubushushu obuphantsi bokusabela, ixesha elifutshane, lufanelekile kwimveliso emikhulu.
Ukungalungi: kunzima ukulawula ukwakheka komyalelo kunye nokubunjwa kwemveliso kwinkqubo yokusabela, kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwesakhiwo somyalelo kunye nokubunjwa kwemveliso kwi-mass synthesis.
Indlela yoxinzelelo kukuxuba i-graphite matrix kunye nesinyithi somhlaba we-alkaline kunye nomgubo wentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba kunye nokusabela ukuvelisa i-M-GICS phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo.
Ukungalungi: Kuphela xa ukunyanzeliswa komphunga wesinyithi kudlula umda othile, ukusabela kokufaka kunokuqhutywa; Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, kulula ukubangela ukuba isinyithi kunye negraphite zenze i-carbides, i-reaction negative, ngoko ke ubushushu bokusabela kufuneka bulawulwe kuluhlu oluthile.Ubushushu bokufakwa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ziphezulu kakhulu, ngoko ke uxinzelelo kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukunciphisa ubushushu bokusabela.Le ndlela ifanelekile ukulungiselela i-metal-GICS enendawo ephantsi yokunyibilika, kodwa isixhobo sinzima kwaye iimfuno zokusebenza zinqabile, ngoko ke ngoku zinqabile ukusetyenziswa.
Indlela eqhumayo isebenzisa i-graphite kunye ne-arhente yokwandisa njenge-KClO4, Mg (ClO4) 2 · nH2O, Zn (NO3) 2 · nH2O pyropyros okanye imixube elungiselelwe, xa ishushu, i-graphite iya kwangaxeshanye i-oxidation kunye ne-intercalation reaction cambium compound, enokuthi ifumaneke ngendlela yetyuwa "explosive." i-ejenti yokwandisa, imveliso inzima ngakumbi, engagcini nje ukwandisa igraphite, kodwa kunye nesinyithi.
