Indlela yokunyibilikisa iikhemikhali yindlela yendabuko yokulungiselela igrafiti enokwandiswa. Kule ndlela, igrafiti yendalo eqhekekileyo ixutywa ne-oxidant efanelekileyo kunye ne-intercalating agent, ilawulwa kubushushu obuthile, ivuselelwe rhoqo, ihlanjwe, ihluzwe kwaye yomiswe ukuze kufunyanwe igrafiti enokwandiswa. Indlela yokunyibilikisa iikhemikhali ibe yindlela evuthiweyo kushishino kunye neengenelo zezixhobo ezilula, ukusebenza okulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi.
Amanyathelo enkqubo ye-chemical oxidation aquka i-oxidation kunye ne-intercalation. I-oxidation ye-graphite yimeko esisiseko yokwenziwa kwe-graphite enokwandiswa, kuba ukuba i-intercalation reaction ingaqhubeka kakuhle kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokuvula phakathi kwee-graphite layers. Kwaye i-graphite yendalo kubushushu begumbi inozinzo oluhle kakhulu kunye nokumelana ne-asidi kunye ne-alkali, ngoko ke ayisebenzi ne-asidi kunye ne-alkali, ngoko ke, ukongezwa kwe-oxidant kube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwi-chemical oxidation.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-oxidants, ii-oxidants ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi zii-solid oxidants (ezifana ne-potassium permanganate, i-potassium dichromate, i-chromium trioxide, i-potassium chlorate, njl.njl.), zinokuba zii-oxidants ezithile ze-oxidizing liquid (ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide, i-nitric acid, njl.njl.). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kufunyaniswe ukuba i-potassium permanganate yeyona oxidant iphambili esetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni i-graphite enokunwebeka.
Phantsi kwesenzo se-oxidizer, i-graphite iyanyibilikiswa kwaye ii-macromolecules zenethiwekhi ezingathathi cala kumaleko we-graphite ziba zii-macromolecules ezicwangcisiweyo ezine-charge entle. Ngenxa yesiphumo sokurhawuzelela se-charge entle efanayo, umgama phakathi kwamaleko we-graphite uyanda, nto leyo enika umjelo kunye nendawo yokuba i-intercalator ingene kumaleko we-graphite kakuhle. Kwinkqubo yokulungiselela i-grafite enokukhuliswa, i-intercalating agent ikakhulu yi-asidi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi basebenzisa kakhulu i-sulfuric acid, i-nitric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-perchloric acid, i-mixed acid kunye ne-glacial acetic acid.
Indlela ye-electrochemical ikwi-constant current, kunye nesisombululo samanzi se-insert njengoko i-electrolyte, i-graphite kunye nezinto zesinyithi (izinto zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, iplatinum plate, i-lead plate, i-titanium plate, njl.njl.) zenza i-anode edibeneyo, izinto zesinyithi ezifakwe kwi-electrolyte njenge-cathode, zenza i-closed loop; Okanye i-graphite exhonywe kwi-electrolyte, kwi-electrolyte ngaxeshanye ifakwe kwi-negative kunye ne-positive plate, ngokusebenzisa ii-electrode ezimbini zinamandla, i-anodic oxidation. Umphezulu we-graphite u-oxidated ukuya kwi-carbocation. Kwangaxeshanye, phantsi kwesenzo esidibeneyo sokutsala kwe-electrostatic kunye nokwahlukana koxinzelelo, ii-ion ze-acid okanye ezinye ii-ion ze-polar intercalant zifakwe phakathi kwee-graphite layers ukwenza i-graphite enokukhuliswa.
Xa kuthelekiswa nendlela ye-chemical oxidation, indlela ye-electrochemical yokulungiselela i-graphite enokukhuliswa kuyo yonke inkqubo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-oxidant, ubungakanani bonyango bukhulu, inani eliseleyo lezinto ezikonakalisayo lincinci, i-electrolyte ingaphinda isetyenziswe emva kokusabela, ubungakanani be-asidi buyancitshiswa, iindleko ziyagcinwa, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo luyancitshiswa, umonakalo kwizixhobo uphantsi, kwaye ubomi benkonzo buyandiswa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indlela ye-electrochemical iye yaba yindlela ekhethwayo yokulungiselela i-graphite enokukhuliswa ngamashishini amaninzi aneenzuzo ezininzi.
Indlela yokusasazwa kwegesi kukuvelisa i-graphite enokwandiswa ngokuqhagamshelana ne-intercalator kunye ne-graphite kwimo yegesi kunye ne-intercalating reaction. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-graphite kunye ne-insert zibekwe kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-reactor yeglasi engatshisi ubushushu, kwaye i-vacuum iyapompelwa kwaye ivalwe, ngoko ke yaziwa ngokuba yindlela yamagumbi amabini. Le ndlela idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwenza i-halide-EG kunye ne-alkali metal-EG kushishino.
Iingenelo: ulwakhiwo kunye nolandelelwano lwe-reactor lunokulawulwa, kwaye ii-reactants kunye neemveliso zinokwahlulwa ngokulula.
Iingxaki: isixhobo sokusabela sinzima ngakumbi, umsebenzi unzima ngakumbi, ngoko ke imveliso ilinganiselwe, kwaye impendulo ekufuneka yenziwe phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu, ixesha lide, kwaye iimeko zokusabela ziphezulu kakhulu, imeko yokulungiselela kufuneka ibe yi-vacuum, ngoko ke iindleko zemveliso ziphezulu, azifanelekanga kwizicelo ezinkulu zemveliso.
Indlela yesigaba solwelo oluxutyiweyo kukuxuba ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezifakiweyo negrafiti, phantsi kokhuseleko lokuhamba kwegesi engasebenziyo okanye inkqubo yokutywina ukuze kulungiswe i-grafiti enokukhuliswa. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni ii-alkali metal-graphite interlaminar compounds (GICs).
Iingenelo: Inkqubo yokusabela ilula, isantya sokusabela siyakhawuleza, ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo wezinto ezikrwada zegrafiti kunye nezinto ezifakwayo zinokufikelela kwisakhiwo esithile kunye nokwakheka kwegrafiti enokwandiswa, efanelekileyo ngakumbi kwimveliso yobuninzi.
Iingxaki: Imveliso eyenziweyo ayizinzanga, kunzima ukujongana nento efakiweyo ekhululekileyo eqhotyoshelwe kumphezulu we-GICs, kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kweekhompawundi ze-graphite interlamellar xa inani elikhulu lokwenziwa.
Indlela yokunyibilikisa kukuxuba i-graphite nezinto ezidityanisiweyo kunye nobushushu ukulungiselela i-graphite enokwandiswa. Ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba izinto eziphuma kwi-eutectic zinokunciphisa inqanaba lokunyibilikisa lenkqubo (ngaphantsi kwenqanaba lokunyibilikisa lenxalenye nganye), yindlela yokulungiselela ii-GICs ezintathu okanye ezininzi ngokufaka izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu (ekufuneka zikwazi ukwenza inkqubo yetyuwa enyibilikisiweyo) phakathi kweengqimba ze-graphite ngaxeshanye. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekulungiseleleni ii-chloride zesinyithi - ii-GICs.
Iingenelo: Imveliso yokwenziwa izinzile kakuhle, kulula ukuyihlamba, isixhobo sokusabela esilula, ubushushu obuphantsi bokusabela, ixesha elifutshane, ifanelekile kwimveliso enkulu.
Iingxaki: kunzima ukulawula ulwakhiwo lwe-odolo kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso kwinkqubo yokusabela, kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kolwakhiwo lwe-odolo kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso kwi-mass synthesis.
Indlela exinzelelweyo kukuxuba i-graphite matrix kunye ne-alkaline earth metal kunye ne-rare earth metal powder kwaye isabela ekuveliseni i-M-GICS phantsi kweemeko ezixinzelelweyo.
Iingxaki: Kuphela xa uxinzelelo lomphunga lwesinyithi ludlula umda othile, impendulo yokufaka ingenziwa; Nangona kunjalo, ubushushu buphezulu kakhulu, kulula ukubangela isinyithi kunye negrafiti ukuba zenze ii-carbides, impendulo engalunganga, ngoko ke ubushushu bokusabela kufuneka bulawulwe kuluhlu oluthile. Ubushushu bokufakelwa kweentsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba buphezulu kakhulu, ngoko ke uxinzelelo kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukunciphisa ubushushu bokusabela. Le ndlela ifanelekile ukulungiselela i-metal-GICS eneqondo lokunyibilika eliphantsi, kodwa isixhobo siyinkimbinkimbi kwaye iimfuno zokusebenza zingqongqo, ngoko ke asisetyenziswa rhoqo ngoku.
Indlela yokuqhuma ngokubanzi isebenzisa i-graphite kunye ne-expansion agent efana ne-KClO4, Mg(ClO4)2·nH2O, Zn(NO3)2·nH2O pyropyros okanye imixube elungiselelweyo, xa ishushu, i-graphite iya kwenza i-oxidation kunye ne-intercalation reaction cambium compound ngaxeshanye, eyandiswa ngendlela "eqhumayo", ngaloo ndlela ifumana i-grafiti ekhulisiweyo. Xa ityuwa yesinyithi isetyenziswa njenge-expansion agent, imveliso iyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi, engeyiyo kuphela i-grafiti ekhulisiweyo, kodwa nesinyithi.
