Igrafu yenye yeeminerals ezithambileyo, i-waltratope yekhabhoni ye-lemedwal, kunye ne-crystalline yemizuzu ye-carbonaceous. Isakhelo sayo se-crystalline sisimo se-hexagonal ye-hexagonal; Umgama phakathi kwe-mesh faker nganye zizikhumba ezingama-340. m, isithuba seathom yekharbon kwi-ATTER yenethiwekhi i-142 i-pictoters crystal ye-crystal, kunye ne-cystage epheleleyo, umtsalane ulawulwa ziimolekyuli, ke ukubethwa kwendalo kulungile; I-periphery ye-atom nganye iqhagamshelwe kwezinye iiatom ezintathu zekharbon ngokubekwa kwe-act Kuba i-atom nganye ikhupha i-elektroni, ezi zezo ze-electroni zingahamba ngokukhululekileyo, ke igrafu ngumqhubi, ukusetyenziswa kwegrafiti ibandakanya ukwenziwa kwemveliso kukhokelela kunye nabanyibilikisi, phakathi kwezinye.
Iipropathi zekhemikhali ezizinzileyo, ke igrafu inokusetyenziswa njenge-Pensile, i-Pigment, iarhente yokuHlola, njl njl., Kwaye amagama abhalwe ngegrafu angagcinwa ixesha elide.
Igrafu inezindlu zokunganyangeki kobushushu obuphezulu, ukuze isetyenziswe njengento ebhaliweyo. Umzekelo, ukubethelelwa kwentloko esetyenziswa kumzi-mveliso wensimbi kwenziwa ngegrafu.
Igrafu inokusetyenziswa njengezinto ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, ii-carbon rods kumzi-mveliso wombane, ii-electrodes ezifanelekileyo zezixhobo eziqinisekileyo zangoku, kwaye iibrashi zonke zenziwe ngegrafu.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: I-11 ukuya ku-1122