Ngokuphathelele ukufunyanwa nokusetyenziswa kwe-flake graphite, kukho ityala elibhalwe kakuhle, xa incwadi ethi Shuijing Zhu yayiyeyokuqala, ethi “kukho intaba ye-graphite ecaleni koMlambo iLuoshui”. Amatye onke amnyama, ngoko ke iincwadi zinokunqongophala, ngoko ke zidumile nge-graphite yazo.” Iziphumo zezinto zakudala zibonisa ukuba kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-3,000 eyadlulayo kwiShang Dynasty, iTshayina yayisebenzisa i-graphite ukubhala oonobumba, abaqhubeka de kwasekupheleni kweMpuma Han Dynasty (AD 220). I-Graphite njenge-inki yencwadi yathatyathelw’ indawo yi-inki yecuba yephayini. Ngexesha leDaoguang leQing Dynasty (AD 1821-1850), abalimi baseChenzhou, kwiPhondo laseHunan babemba i-flake graphite njengepetroli, eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-“oil carbon”.
Igama lesiNgesi elithi Graphite livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi “graphite in”, elithetha “ukubhala”. Lathiywa yingcali yemichiza yaseJamani kunye nenzululwazi yeminerali u-AGWerner ngo-1789.
Ifomula yemolekyuli ye-flake graphite yi-C kwaye ubunzima bayo bemolekyuli yi-12.01. I-graphite yendalo ingwevu yentsimbi emnyama nentsimbi, inemigca emnyama ekhanyayo, ukukhanya kwesinyithi kunye nokungacaci. I-crystal ikwiklasi yeekristale ze-biconical ezintsonkothileyo ezine-hexagonal, eziyi-hexagonal plate crystals. Iifom ze-simplex eziqhelekileyo ziquka iikholamu ezine-parallel double-sided, ezine-hexagonal biconical kunye ne-hexagonal columns, kodwa imo yekristale engaguqukiyo ayifumaneki, kwaye ngokubanzi ine-scaly okanye i-plate-shaped. Iiparameter: a0=0.246nm, c0=0.670nm Isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo esinee-layered, apho ii-athomu zekhabhoni zicwangciswe ngokwee-layered, kwaye ikhabhoni nganye iqhagamshelwe ngokulinganayo nekhabhoni ekufutshane, kwaye ikhabhoni kwi-layered nganye icwangciswe kwi-ring ye-hexagonal. Iirings ze-hexagonal zekhabhoni kwi-layers ephezulu nesezantsi ezikufutshane zifuduselwa kwicala elihambelana ne-mesh plane kwaye emva koko zibekwe ndawonye ukuze zenze isakhiwo esinee-layered. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigama yokufuduka zikhokelela kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ze-polymorphic. Umgama phakathi kweeathom zekhabhoni kumaleko aphezulu nasezantsi mkhulu kakhulu kunowo phakathi kweeathom zekhabhoni kumaleko ofanayo (isithuba se-CC kumaleko = 0.142nm, isithuba se-CC phakathi kwamaleko = 0.340nm). Ubunzima obuthile obuyi-2.09-2.23 kunye nommandla womphezulu othile we-5-10m2/g. Ubulukhuni buyi-anisotropic, iplani ye-cleavage ethe nkqo yi-3-5, kwaye iplani ye-cleavage ehambelanayo yi-1-2. Ii-aggregates zihlala zineengqukuva, zinamaqhuqhuva kwaye zinomhlaba. I-Graphite flake inombane olungileyo kunye nobushushu. Ii-flakes zeminerali zihlala zingacacanga phantsi kokukhanya okudluliselweyo, ii-flakes ezincinci kakhulu ziluhlaza-ngwevu olukhanyayo, zi-uniaxial, zine-refractive index ye-1.93 ~ 2.07. Phantsi kokukhanya okubonisiweyo, zimdaka-ngwevu olukhanyayo, zinemibala emininzi ebonisiweyo, i-Ro grey enombala omdaka, i-Re dark blue grey, i-reflectivity Ro23 (ebomvu), i-Re5.5 (ebomvu), umbala obonisiweyo ocacileyo kunye ne-reflection ephindwe kabini, i-heterogeneity enamandla kunye ne-polarization. Iimpawu zokuchongwa: intsimbi emnyama, ubulukhuni obuphantsi, iqela lokuqhekeka okugqibeleleyo, ukuguquguquka, iimvakalelo ezityibilikayo, kulula ukungcolisa izandla. Ukuba amasuntswana ezinki amanziswe yisisombululo se-copper sulfate abekwe kwi-graphite, amabala ethusi esinyithi anokuvela, ngelixa i-molybdenite efana nayo ingenampendulo enjalo.
I-Graphite yi-allotrope ye-elemental carbon (ezinye ii-allotropes ziquka idayimani, i-carbon 60, ii-carbon nanotubes kunye ne-graphene), kwaye umngcele we-athomu nganye ye-carbon uqhagamshelwe nezinye ii-athomu ezintathu ze-carbon (ii-hexagons ezininzi ezicwangciswe ngendlela ye-honeycomb) ukwenza ii-molecules ze-covalent. Ekubeni i-athomu nganye ye-carbon ikhupha i-electron, ezo electron zinokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ngoko ke i-flake graphite yi-electrical conductor. I-cleavage plane ilawulwa zii-molecular bonds, ezinomtsalane obuthathaka kwii-molecules, ngoko ke ukuntanta kwayo kwendalo kulungile kakhulu. Ngenxa yendlela ekhethekileyo yokubopha ye-flake graphite, asinakucinga ukuba i-flake graphite yi-single crystal okanye i-polycrystal. Ngoku kuthathwa ngokubanzi ukuba i-flake graphite luhlobo lwe-mixed crystal.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-04-2022