Ku bijyanye no kuvumbura no gukoresha grafiti y'udusimba, hari inkuru yanditse neza, aho igitabo cya Shuijing Zhu cyabaye icya mbere, kivuga ko “hari umusozi wa grafiti iruhande rw'uruzi rwa Luoshui”. Amabuye yose ni umukara, bityo ibitabo bishobora kuba bike, bityo bizwiho grafiti yazo.” Ibyavumbuwe mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bigaragaza ko mu myaka irenga 3,000 ishize mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Shang, Ubushinwa bwakoreshaga grafiti mu kwandika inyuguti, zamaze igihe kirekire kugeza ku iherezo ry'ingoma ya Han y'Iburasirazuba (AD 220). Grafiti nk'iwino y'igitabo yasimbuwe n'iwino y'itabi rya pinusi. Mu gihe cya Daoguang cy'ingoma ya Qing (AD 1821-1850), abahinzi bo muri Chenzhou, Intara ya Hunan bacukuraga grafiti y'udusimba nk'ibicanwa, byitwaga “karubone y'amavuta”.
Izina ry'Icyongereza rya Graphite rikomoka ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki "graphite in", risobanura "kwandika". Ryahawe izina n'Umudage w'umuhanga mu bya shimi akaba n'umuhanga mu by'amabuye y'agaciro AGWerner mu 1789.
Ifishi ya molekile ya graphite y'uduce duto ni C kandi uburemere bwayo ni 12.01. Grafite karemano ni umukara n'umukara w'icyuma, ifite imirongo y'umukara irabagirana, ubwiza bw'icyuma n'urumuri rudasobanutse. Kristale iri mu bwoko bwa kristu z'ibice bibiri za hexagonal, ari zo kristu z'ibice bibiri bya hexagonal. Imiterere isanzwe ya simplex irimo inkingi ebyiri zigororotse, ebyiri za hexagonal na hexagonal, ariko imiterere ya kristu idahinduka ni gake, kandi muri rusange ifite imiterere nk'iya plate. Ibipimo: a0=0.246nm, c0=0.670nm Imiterere isanzwe y'ibice, aho atome za karuboni zitondekwa mu byiciro, kandi buri karuboni ihujwe kimwe na karuboni yegereye, kandi karuboni muri buri cyiciro itondekwa mu mpande ya hexagonal. Impeta za hexagonal za karuboni mu byiciro byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi byegeranye zizunguruka mu cyerekezo gihuye n'umurongo w'urukuta hanyuma zigashyirwa hamwe kugira ngo habeho imiterere y'ibice. Ibyerekezo bitandukanye n'intera yo kwimuka bijyana ku miterere itandukanye ya polymorphic. Intera iri hagati ya atome za karuboni mu byiciro byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi ni nini cyane kuruta iyo hagati ya atome za karuboni mu cyiciro kimwe (intera ya CC mu byiciro = 0.142nm, intera ya CC hagati y'ibice = 0.340nm). Uburemere bwihariye bwa 2.09-2.23 n'ubuso bwihariye bwa 5-10m2/g. Uburemere ni anisotropic, urwego rw'icyuho ruhagaze ni 3-5, naho urwego rw'icyuho ruhurirana ni 1-2. Ibice bihuriweho akenshi biba bifite ibisigazwa, bifite uduce duto kandi dufite ivumbi. Uduce twa grafiti dufite amashanyarazi meza n'ubushyuhe. Uduce twa minerale muri rusange tuba tudasobanutse neza munsi y'urumuri rwoherezwa, uduce duto cyane ni icyatsi kibisi-imvi, uniaxial, dufite refractive index ya 1.93 ~ 2.07. Munsi y'urumuri rugaragara, ni umukara woroheje-imvi, hamwe n'amabara menshi agaragara, Ro imvi ifite umukara, Re imvi yijimye, reflectivity Ro23 (umutuku), Re5.5 (umutuku), ibara rigaragara rigaragara rigaragara kandi reflection ebyiri, heterogeneity ikomeye na polarization. Ibiranga imiterere: icyuma cy'umukara, ubukana buke, itsinda ry'icikamo ryuzuye cyane, ubworoherane, kumva unyerera, byoroshye gusiga ibara ku ntoki. Iyo uduce twa zinc twatoseshejwe n'umuti wa sulfate y'umuringa dushyizwe kuri grafiti, utudomo tw'umuringa dukozwe mu cyuma dushobora kwiyongera, mu gihe molybdenite isa nayo nta ngaruka nk'iyo igira.
Graphite ni agace gato ka karuboni y’ibanze (izindi allotropes zirimo diyama, karuboni 60, utubumbe twa karuboni na graphene), kandi impande za buri atome ya karuboni zihujwe n’izindi atome eshatu za karuboni (hexagon nyinshi zitondetse mu ishusho y’ubuki) kugira ngo zikore molekile za covalent. Kubera ko buri atome ya karuboni isohora electron, izo electron zishobora kugenda mu buryo bwihuse, bityo graphite y’urukiramende ni conductor y’amashanyarazi. Agace gato kagizwe n’imigozi ya molekile, ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukurura molekile, bityo ubushobozi bwayo bwo kureremba buri mu buryo busanzwe ni bwiza cyane. Kubera uburyo bwihariye bwo guhuza graphite y’urukiramende, ntidushobora gutekereza ko graphite y’urukiramende ari kristale imwe cyangwa polycrystal. Ubu muri rusange bifatwa ko graphite y’urukiramende ari ubwoko bwa kristale ivanze.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-04-2022